Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 3 1 Define hunger and appetite Which organ triggers feelings of hunger and satiation Hunger physiological drive for food Nonspecific Can be satisfied by a variety of different foods Appetite psychological desire to consume specific foods Aroused by environmental cues Hypothalamus triggers feelings of hunger or satiation 2 What effect do different macronutrients have on hunger What type of food has the highest satiation value They make you full and protein 3 Define the processes of digestion absorption and elimination Digestion large food molecules are broken down to smaller molecules mechanically and chemically Absorption process of taking these products through the intestinal wall Elimination undigested portions of food and waste products are removed from the body 4 Know the difference between peristalsis and segmentation Peristalsis Due to the actions of circular muscles and longitudinal muscles that run along the entire GIT pushes the contents from one area to the next Segmentation Rhythmic contraction of circular muscles in the intestinal wall Mixes the chyme and enhances its contact with digestive enzymes and enterocytes 5 Know the role of gastrin A hormone secreted by stomach lining cells that stimulates the gastric glands to produce gastric juice 6 Know the two different types of cells in gastric glands What is gastric juice and what is the role of each component of the gastric juice Parietal Cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor Chief Cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase 7 Know the role of bicarbonate in stomach and small intestine Neutralizes the acid in the stomach 8 Know the enzymes produced in gastrointestinal tract mouth stomach and pancreas that facilitate the digestion of carbohydrates fats and lipids Saliva contains digestive juices secreted by the salivary gland in the mouth Gastrin is a hormone secreted by stomach lining cells that stimulates the gastric glands to produce gastric juice Gastrin includes Hydrochloric acid HCl denatures proteins and activates pepsin Pepsin enzyme to digest protein Gastric lipase enzyme to digest fat Intrinsic factor protein to absorb vitamin B12 The pancreas manufactures holds and secretes digestive enzymes stores enzymes in the inactive form pancreatic amylase digests carbohydrates pancreatic lipase digests fats and protease digests proteins Insulin and glucagon hormones are produced to regulate blood glucose and bicarbonate is secreted to neutralize chyme 9 List the key hormones involved in digestion and their actions 10 List the accessory organs that facilitate digestion and their roles Gallbladder Gallbladder stores bile a greenish fluid produced by the liver CCK signals the gallbladder to release bile and bile emulsifies the lipids Pancreas Manufactures holds and secretes digestive enzymes Liver Synthesizes chemicals for metabolism and Bile for emulsification of fats 11 Define food intolerance and food allergy Food intolerance is a detrimental reaction often delayed to a food beverage food additive or compound found in foods that produces symptoms in one or more body organs and systems but it is not a true food allergy A true food allergy requires the presence of Immunoglobin E IgE antibodies against the food and a food intolerance does not Chapter 4 1 List the most common types of monosaccharides and disaccharides Monosaccharides contain one molecule Glucose fructose and galactose Disaccharides contain two molecules Lactose maltose and sucrose 2 What are the characteristics of glucose fructose and galactose 3 What are the monosaccharides that synthesize lactose maltose and sucrose Maltase Sucrase Lactase 4 What is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals and where in the body is it stored Glycogen is the storage form of glucose for animals humans It is stored in the liver and muscles 5 Define lactose intolerance Insufficient enzyme lactase to digest the lactose containing foods GI symptoms gas cramping diarrhea and you need alternate sources of calcium 6 Know what stages of carbohydrate digestion occur in the mouth pancreas and liver Salivary amylase is the enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth and breaks carbohydrates down to maltose Pancreatic amylase is the enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine and digests carbohydrates to maltose 7 List all the hormones that regulate blood glucose levels Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine Norepinephrine Cortisol Growth hormone 8 Define glycemic index and glycemic load Glycemic index is a food s potential to raise blood glucose Foods with a high glycemic index cause a sudden surge in blood glucose Foods with a low glycemic index cause low to moderate fluctuations in blood glucose Glycemic load determines the effect of a food on a person s glucose response 9 List the role of glucose as an energy source The oxidation of glucose contributes to a series of complex biochemical reactions which provides the energy needed by cells The first step in the breakdown of glucose in all cells is glycolysis producing pyruvate which is the starting point for all other processes in cellular respiration In cells where oxygen is present aerobic respiration these processes have been modeled in the TCA or Krebs cycle A major part of the use of the energy from glucose oxidation is the conversion of ADP to ATP with the energy rich molecule ATP being subsequently used as the energy currency of the cell 10 Define ketosis ketoacidosis and gluconeogenesis Ketosis Fat breakdown during fasting forms ketones Ketoacidosis Excess ketones increase blood acidity and cause ketoacidosis Gluconeogenesis occurs when a diet is deficient in carbohydrate The body will make its own glucose from protein 11 Know type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence causes and treatment Type One Accounts for 10 of all cases body does not produce enough insulin causes hyperglycemia high blood glucose requires insulin injections may be an autoimmune disease Type Two Insulin insensitivity insulin resistance cells become less responsive to insulin Metabolic syndrome a cluster of risk factors that increase the risk for type 2 diabetes Once known as adult onset diabetes and is increasing in children and adolescents Causes genetics obesity and physical inactivity play a role Treat with weight loss healthy eating regular exercise and if necessary medications Healthy lifestyle choices may prevent or delay the onset m of type 2 diabetes Chapter 5 1 After absorption what are the
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