1 What are the problems associated with alcohol abuse Chapter 4 5 7 alcohol Reduced brain function weight gain alcohol poisoning Cirrhosis of the liver fatty liver alco holic steatosis alcoholic hepatitis inflammation of the liver 2 What are the steps in alcohol oxidation What does ADH alcohol dehydrogenase do First Pass Metabolism small amount of alcohol is oxidized in the stomach before being ab sorbed into the bloodstream ADH present in both the stomach and liver Reduces alcohol absorption Genetic and gender differences in amount of ADH activity 3 Define moderate alcohol consumption Moderate alcohol consumption is less than 1 drink per day for women less than 2 per day for men Benefits include increase in HDL good cholesterol and a decrease in LDL bad cholesterol improved appetite and dietary intake reduced stress and anxiety Concerns include increased risk for breast cancer hypertension and hemorrhagic stroke 4 Define Metabolic Tolerance Functional Tolerance Metabolic tolerance is when the liver adapts to metabolize alcohol So essentially this means one can drink more without feeling the effects of alcohol as fast Functional tolerance is when one is able to function without dealing with the effects of impair ment of alcohol alcoholics Chapter 5 1 Name some foods sources of saturated fats polyunsaturated fats monounsaturated fats and trans fats Saturated fatty acids hydrogens surrounding every carbon in the chain Pack tightly together Solid at room temperature Examples are animal fats butter and lard Monounsaturated fatty acids 1 double bond lack 1 hydrogen atom Polyunsaturated fatty acids 1 double bond Unsaturated fatty acids do not stack together well More liquid at room temperature Examples are fish oil omega 3 and nuts omega 6 Cis same side of the carbon chain Trans opposite sides of the carbon chain 2 Trans fats are not good for health Why Trans fats have been hydrogenated hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fatty acids This makes toils more solid and more saturated Reduce oxidation resist rancidity Increase the risk of cardiovascular disease Increase shelf life 3 Name to two essential fatty acids EFAs Omega 3 and omega 6 Cannot be made by the body must be obtained from food 4 What compound secreted during digestion emulsifies fats What organs make and store Bile emulsifies fats into small droplets Bile is produced by the liver and stored in and released this from the gallbladder 5 What is a phospholipid Glycerol backbone 2 fatty acids phosphate Soluble in water Transport fat in the blood stream Manufactured in our bodies not required 6 What transports fats into the enterocyte during digestion What is the difference between a micelle and a chylomicron Micelle transports lipids for absorption Chylomicron lipoprotein produced in intestine to transport lipids from a meal Composed of fatty acids surrounded by phospholipids and proteins Soluble in water 7 What is the difference between a monoacylglyceride and a triglyceride Triglycerides 3 fatty acid molecules 1 glycerol molecule Classified by carbon chain length saturation level and shape Monoglyceride the term for a glyceride in which each glycerol molecule has formed an ester bond with exactly one fatty acid molecule The more formally correct terms in modern conven tion are acylglycerol and monoacylglycerol Chapter 6 1 The smallest molecules that make up proteins are called amino acids Amino acids contain hydrogen carbon oxygen and nitrogen 2 What are the essential amino acids Define limiting amino acid Essential amino acids must be obtained from food Include Histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan valine Limiting amino acid Essential amino acid that is missing or in the smallest supply Slows down or halts protein synthesis 3 What is complete protein Has all nine essential amino acids Examples are from animals and soy 4 What are the functions of mucus in the stomach Mucus causes food to stick together and acts as a lubricant to aid in swallowing Mucus layer protects the stomach lining from the acid in gastric juices 5 What does HCl activate in the stomach HCl denatures proteins and activates pepsin 6 What compound neutralizes stomach acid What organ secretes this Bicarbonate The pancreas 7 Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb which nutrient Which cells in the stomach secret this Intrinsic factor is a protein to absorb vitamin B12 Parietal cells secrete HCL and intrinsic fac tor 8 Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices What is this digestive Gastrin is secreted by the stomach lining cells that stimulates the gastric glands to produce gas juice called tric juice 9 What is nitrogen balance Positive Nitrogen consumption excretion Needed for growth and pregnancy Negative Nitrogen consumption excretion Occurs in poor diet and starvation 10 Define marasumus kwashiorkor and sickle cell anemia Marasmus grossly inadequate energy and nutrient intake wasting away Kwashiorkor disease resulting from low protein intake big belly Sick cell anemia inherited disorder of red blood cells Inherit gene from both parents Cells be come crescent shaped causing them to become hard and sticky Sickeld cells have shorter lifespan Symptoms include impaired vision headaches convulsions bone degeneration 11 Define denaturation transamination and deamination Denaturation proteins uncoil and lose their shape Protein function is lost Transamination the transfer of an amine group from an essential amino acid to a different acid group and side chain R group Transcription messnger RNA copies the genetic information from DNA Translation the genetic information in RNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a pro tein Deamination the removal of an amine group from a molecule The process by which amino acids are broken down if there is an excess of protein intake Chapter 7 1 Describe a hydrolysis reaction Describe a condensation reaction Give an example of Hydrolysis is usually a catabolic process where a large molecule is broken apart with the addi one tion of water Condensation is an anabolic process where simple unites combine to a form a larger more com plex molecule Water is released as a by product Anabolism making larger molecules from smaller ones Requires energy Catabolism breakdown of large molecules Releases energy 2 What is the starting molecule in the TCA cycle What two compounds combine to form citrate Glucose is the starting molecule Acetly CoA is combined with oxaloacetate
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