HUN 1201 Study guide for Exam 2 Chapter 3 Study Guide 1 What is the difference between hunger and appetite Hunger physiological drive for food a Nonspecific b Can be satisfied by a variety of different foods Appetite psychological desire to consume specific foods c Aroused by environmental cues 2 What is the order of organs in the digestive tract beginning with the mouth Mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum 3 Define the following AND where they occur a Peristalsis muscular contractions that move food through the GI tract b Segmentation unique pattern of motility circular and longitudinal muscles contract and relax to mix the chyme and enhance its contact with digestive juices and enterocytes c Haustration segmentations in the colon that contract sluggishly to move contents 4 What are the components of gastric juice What role does each play Gastric juice contains a Hydrochloric acid HCl denatures proteins and activates pepsin b Pepsin enzyme to digest protein c Gastric lipase enzyme to digest fat d Intrinsic factor protein to absorb vitamin B12 5 What is the function of bicarbonate secreted in the stomach and pancreas individually In the pancreas neutralizes chyme In the stomach neutralizes the acid 6 What is bolus and chyme Bolus the mass of food chewed and moistened in the mouth Chyme liquid product of mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach 7 What are the 3 sections of the small intestine Duodeum jejunum and ileum 8 What are the major functions of the large intestine Its main function is to store undigested food material and absorb water short chain fatty acids and electrolytes 9 List the digestive enzymes and hormones of the gastrointestinal tract GIT and their functions 10 List 3 accessory organs and their role in digestion Gallbladder Stores bile a greenish fluid produced by the liver CCK signals the gallbladder to release bile Bile emulsifies the lipids Lipids are dispersed into smaller globules and become more accessible to digestive enzymes Liver Pancreas Manufactures holds and secretes digestive enzymes Stores enzymes in the inactive form Pancreatic amylase digests carbohydrates Pancreatic lipase digests fats Protease digests proteins Insulin and glucagon hormones are produced to regulate blood glucose Bicarbonate is secreted to neutralize chime One of the most important organs in the body Synthesizes chemicals for metabolism Produces bile for emulsification of fats Receives the products of digestion via the portal vein Releases glucose from glycogen stores Stores vitamins Manufactures blood proteins 1 What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates Know examples and sources of each Sugars made up of one or two molecules monosaccharides and disaccharides Starch glycogen and most fibers Sugars made up of MANY molecules oligosaccharides and polysaccharides 2 What is the difference between starch and glycogen Glycogen a Storage form of glucose for animals humans b Not found in food and therefore not a source of dietary carbohydrate c Stored in the liver and muscles d Plants store carbohydrates as starch i Grains wheat rice corn oats and barley ii Legumes peas beans and lentils iii Tubers potatoes and yams 3 What is the difference between soluble and insoluble fibers Soluble fibers a Dissolve in water viscous and gel forming b Fermentable digested by intestinal bacteria c Associated with risk reduction of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes d Examples pectin gum mucilage Complex Carbohydrates Chapter 4 Study Guide Simple carbohydrates Starch Salivary amylase Pancreatic amylase Insoluble fibers a Do not dissolve in water nonviscous b Cannot be fermented by bacteria in the colon c Promote regular bowel movements alleviate constipation and reduce diverticulosis d Examples lignins cellulose hemicelluloses e Good sources whole grains wheat rye abd brown rice seeds legumes fruits and vegetables f Found in citrus fruits berries oats bean 4 Where does carbohydrate digestion occur Which enzymes breakdown carbohydrates and where in the GIT Most chemical digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the small intestine NOT IN STOMACH Enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth Breaks carbohydrates down to maltose Enzyme produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine Additional enzymes in the microvilli digest disaccharides to monosaccharaides Maltase Sucrase and Lactase Digests carbohydrates to maltose 5 What happens to excess carbohydrates in the body After being converted to glucose they become stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles 6 Which hormones regulate the blood glucose levels Role of each of these in the regulation of blood glucose Secreted by beta cells of the pancreas Stimulates glucose transporters carrier proteins to help take glucose from the blood across the cell membrane Stimulates the liver to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen Secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose Stimulates gluconeogenesis the production of glucose from amino acids Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Secreted by the adrenal glands and nerve endings when blood glucose is low Increase glycogen breakdown in the liver releasing glucose into the blood Responsible for our fight or flight reactions to danger released when we need a burst of energy to respond quickly Secreted by the adrenal glands to act on the liver muscle and adipose tissue Cortisol increases gluconeogenesis and decreases muscle glucose use Growth hormone decreases muscle glucose uptake increases fatty acid mobilization and use Cortisol and Growth Hormone Glucagon Insulin Ketosis Ketoacidosis Gluconeogenesis 7 Define ketosis ketoacidosis and gluconeogenesis Alternative source of fuel for the brain Fat breakdown during fasting forms ketones Sufficient energy from carbohydrates prevents ketone production as alternate energy source Excess in ketones that lead to increase in blood acidity Occurs when a diet is deficient in carbohydrate The body will make its own glucose from protein Amino acids from these proteins cannot be used to make new cells repair tissue damage support the immune system or perform any of their other functions 8 What are some health benefits of fiber o May reduce the risk of colon cancer Binds and speeds up elimination of cancer causing substances o Helps prevent hemorrhoids constipation and other intestinal problems Keeps stools moist and soft o May reduce the risk of diverticulosis
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