Chapter 1 Study Guide for Final Exam HUN1201 1 What is nutrition Why is it important Nutrition the science that studies food how food nourishes the body and influences health proper nutrition supports wellness physical emotional and spiritual health 2 Explain the different types of nutrients 6 classes of nutrients carbs lipids fats proteins vitamins minerals water a organic vs inorganic organic contain carbon carbs lipids proteins vitamins inorganic do not contain carbon minerals water b macronutrient vs micronutrient macronutrients supply energy carbs lipids proteins micronutrients do not supply energy vitamins minerals water fat soluble vs water soluble vitamins fat soluble vitamins K A D E c d energy yielding nutrients kcal g for each carbs 4 kcal g protein 4kcal g fat 9 kcal g alcohol provides 7 kcal g of energy but is NOT a nutrient 3 DRI s apply to which population of people Explain the components of the DRI EAR RDA AI UL EER AMDR DRI nutritional standards for healthy people only EAR Estimated Average Requirement half of the healthy population RDA Recommended Dietary Allowances nutrient needs 98 of the healthy pop AI Adequate Intake average daily amount of a nutrient that a healthy group consumes UL Tolerable Upper Intake Level maximum daily amount of a nutrient EER Estimated Energy Requirement average daily intake to maintain energy AMDR Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range range of intakes Carbs 45 65 Fat 20 35 Protein 10 35 Chapter 2 1 What are the useful tools for designing a healthful diet Food lables Dietary Guidelines for Americans MyPlate USDA 2 Define nutrient density Nutrient dense high nutrients low calories 3 What are the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and MyPlate Eat in moderation eat a variety of foods right proportion of each food group personalize eating plan increase physical activity set goals 4 What is a chronic disease Chronic disease is a long lasting condition that can be controlled but not cured Chapter 3 1 Define hunger Define appetite What is the difference between the two Hunger physiological drive for food body Appetite psychological drive for food mind 2 How do hormones regulate appetite Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands The hypothalamus regulates feelings of hunger or satiation Feeling satiated results from signals from the stomach and an increase in blood glucose 3 What does CCK cholecystokinin do CCK signals gall bladder to release bile and stimulates secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate 4 List the accessory organs of digestion Accessory organs gallbladder pancreas liver 5 Define absorption digestion elimination and segmentation Digestion large food molecules are broken down mechanically and chemically Absorption taking these products primarily through intestinal wall Elimination undigested portions of food and waste products are excreted 6 What are the differences between the 4 types of absorption 4 types of absorption in small intestine Passive diffusion nutrients pass through without the use of a carrier or energy Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier protein or water channel Active transport requires energy and a protein carrier can go against concentration gradient Endocytosis intestinal contents are engulfed by the cell membrane Chapter 4 1 The smallest molecules that make up carbohydrates are called monosaccharides Monosaccharides Glucose Fructose Galactose Disaccharides Lactose Maltose Sucrose 2 Where does carbohydrate digestion occur and what enzymes are involved Carb digestion occurs in the small intestine Enzymes involved pancreatic salivary amylase 3 What type of diet causes ketosis Ketosis occurs when there is a lack of carbs in one s diet fat is broken down forming ketones buildup of acetyl CoA 4 Define hyperglycemia hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia high blood glucose not enough insulin Hypoglycemia low blood pressure too much insulin 5 What dose insulin do What does glucagon do Insulin lowers blood glucose Glucagon increases blood glucose 6 What are the differences between type I and type II diabetes Type 1 diabetes onset body doesn t produce enough insulin Type 2 diabetes adult onset overweight obesity insulin insensitivity resistance cells become less responsive to insulin Chapter 4 5 7 alcohol 1 What are the problems associated with alcohol abuse Alcohol abuse leads to increased risk of chronic diseases 2 What are the steps in alcohol oxidation What does ADH alcohol dehydrogenase do Small amount of alcohol is oxidized in the stomach before being absorbed into the bloodstream no digestion required absorbed directly by stomach and small intestine ADH reduces alcohol absorption In liver ADH ALDH Acetate converted to fatty acids or metabolized for energy 3 Define moderate alcohol consumption 1 drink per day for females 2 drinks per day for males 4 Define Metabolic Tolerance Functional Tolerance Metabolic tolerance liver becomes more efficient in breakdown of alcohol Functional tolerance individuals do not show signs of impairment at high BAC blood alcohol content Chapter 5 1 Name some foods sources of saturated fats polyunsaturated fats monounsaturated fats and trans fats Saturated fats solid at room temp butter lard etc Polyunsaturated monounsaturated fats liquid at room temp oils Trans fats hydrogen atoms added to unsaturated fatty acids peanut butter 2 Trans fats are not good for health Why Trans fats reduce oxidation resist rancidity and increase risk of cardiovascular disease 3 Name two essential fatty acids EFAs Omega 6 Linolenic acid Omega 3 alpha linolenic acid 4 What compound secreted during digestion emulsifies fats What organs make and store this Bile emulsifies fats Bile is produced by the liver and stored in gallbladder 5 What is a phospholipid Phospholipid glycerol backbone 2 fatty acids phosphate They transport fat in the bloodstream they are not essential 6 What transports fats into the enterocyte during digestion What is the difference between a micelle and a chylomicron Micelles transport fats lipids to enterocytes micelles are not lipoproteins Chylomicrons are lipoproteins produced in enterocytes to transport lipids 7 What is the difference between a monoacylglyceride and a triglyceride Triglyceride backbone with 3 fatty acids monoacylglyceride has 1 fatty acid Triglycerides can be used immediately for energy used to make lipid containing compounds stored in muscle and adipose tissues Chapter 6 1 The smallest molecules that make up proteins are called
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