Exam 2 Study Guide 1 Define Hunger and Appetite a Hunger i Physiological drive for food ii Non specific b Appetite i Psychological desire to consume a specific foods ii Aroused by environmental cues 2 Which organ triggers feelings of hunger and satiation a Hypothalamus i Located above the pituitary gland in the area of the brain that regulates ii involuntary activities Integrates signals from the nerve cells hormones and the types of food consumed 3 What effect do macronutrients have on hunger What type of food has the highest satiation value a Proteins b High fat diets have a higher satiety value then high carbohydrate diets c Bulky meals high in fiber and water distend the stomach and promote a sense of satiety d Solid foods are more filling then semisolid foods or liquid 4 Define the process of digestion absorption and elimination i Large food molecules are broken down to smaller molecules Mechanically and i The process of taking these products through the intestinal wall i undigested and unabsorbed portions of food and waste products are removed from the body 5 Roles in digestions a Hypothalamus i Triggers feeling of hunger or fullness b Sphincters c Chewing i Muscles that control the passage of food from one GI tract organ to the next i Moistens the food and mechanically breaks it into smaller pieces ii Exposes more surface area to digestive juices d Taste and olfactory receptors i Taste detect distinct taste bitter sweet salty sour umami a Digestion b Absorption c Elimination chemically a Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum 7 Know the two different types of cells in gastric glands ii Olfactory detect aromas of foods e Bicarbonate i Neutralize acids ii Found in Saliva and the lining of our stomach 6 Order of the digestive tract a Parietal Cells b Chief Cells i Secrete HCI and intrinsic factor i Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase 8 What is gastric juice and what is the role of each gastric juice a Components of Gastric Juice i Hydrochloric acid denatures proteins and activates pepsin ii Pepsin enzyme to digest protein iii Gastric Lipase enzyme that digest fats iv Intrinsic factor protein to absorb vitamin B12 9 Know the role of bicarbonate in the stomach and small intestine a Bicarbonate neutralizes acid in the stomach b Bicarbonate neutralizes chime on the pancreas 10 Know the enzymes produced in gastrointestinal tract mouth stomach and pancreas that facilitate the digestion of carbohydrates fats and lipids i Mouth ii Stomach iii Pancreas 1 Salivary Amylase Digestion of carbohydrates 1 Pepsin digest proteins 2 Gastrin Lipase Digest fats 1 Proteases Digest proteins 2 Elastase Digest fibrous proteins 3 Pancreatic Lipase Digest fats 4 Cholesterol Esterase digest carbohydrates site of action small instestine iv Small intestine 1 Carboxypeptidase Aminopepsidase Dipeptidase Digest proteins 2 3 Sucrase Maltase Lactase digest the simple carbohydrates sucrose maltose Lipase digest lipids and lactose 11 List the key hormones involved in digestion and their actions a Gastrin i Produced in the stomach ii Target organ stomach iii Actions 1 Stimulates secretion of HCI and pepsinogen 2 Stimulates gastric motility 3 Promotes proliferation of gastric mucosal cells b Secretin i Produced in the Small Intestine Duodenum ii Target organs pancreas and stomach iii Actions 1 Pancreas 2 Stomach a Stimulates secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate a Decreases gastric motility c Ghrelin i Produced in the stomach ii Plays role in 1 Stimulating eating 2 Promoting the activity and motility of the GI tract 3 Regulating carbohydrate metabolism 4 Regulating carbohydrate metabolism d CCK i Produced in the Small Intestine Duodenum Jejunum ii Target organs pancreas gallbladder and stomach 1 Actions a Pancreas b Gallbladder i Stimulates secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes i Stimulates gallbladder contraction ii signals to release bile c Stomach i Slows gastric emptying e GIP Gastric Inhibitory Peptide i Produced in the Small Intestine ii Target organs stomach and pancreas 1 Action i Inhibits acid secretion and slows gastric emptying a Stomach b Pancreas i Stimulate insulin release 12 List the accessory organs that facilitate digestion and their roles a Gallbladder i Stores bile b Pancreas intestine c Liver 1 Bile a greenish fluid produced by the liver that emulsifies lipids i Manufactures holds and secretes digestive enzymes ii Stores enzymes in the inactive form which is why the site of action is the small iii Produces the hormones insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose iv Secrets bicarbonate to neutralize chyme i Synthesizes chemicals for metabolism such as bile for the emulsification of fat ii Secretes the products of digestion iii Releases glucose from glycogen storages iv Store vitamins v Manufactures blood proteins vi Filters the blood 13 Define food intolerance and food allergy a Food Allergy an immune system response when the body mistakes a particular food as a harmful substance b Food Intolerance occur when a person has difficulty digesting a particular food This can lead to symptoms such as intestinal gas abdominal pain or diarrhea i Food intolerances involve the digestive system 14 List the most common types of monosaccharides and disaccharides a Monosaccharide b Disaccharide i Contain one sugar molecule 1 Ex glucose fructose galactose i Contain two sugar molecules 1 Ex Lactose Maltose and Sucrose 15 What are the characteristic of glucose fructose and galactose a Glucose i ii processed by plants through photosynthesis iii good energy source the most abundant sugar molecule in our diet b Fructose c Galactose i Sweetest natural sugar ii Found in fruit high fructose corn syrup i Does not occur alone in foods ii Binds with glucose to form lactose 16 What are the monosaccharides that synthesize lactose maltose and sucrose a Lactose Glucose Galactose b Maltose Glucose Fructose c Sucrose Glucose Fructose 17 What is the storage from of carbohydrates in animals and where in the body is it stored a Stored as Glycogen 18 Define lactose intolerance i Stored in the liver and muscles and after that is stored as fat a There is insufficient lactase to digest lactose containing food i Symptoms gas cramping diarrhea 19 Know what states of carbohydrate digestion occur in the mouth pancreas and liver a Carbohydrates digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase breaks down carbs to maltose i Most chemical digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the small intestine 1
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