HUN 1201 Exam 3 Study Guide Spring 2014 What sources of energy are utilized during different forms of physical activity Chapter 14 o ATP CP weightlifting sprint o o Carbs mile race Fat 10k race marathon Glycogen loading o Aka carb loading o Not useful for baseball football weightlifting short distance run o Can cause gastrointestinal distress bloated sluggish Common heat illnesses o Heat syncope dizziness o Heat cramps muscle spasms o Heat exhaustion excessive sweating weakness nausea dizziness headache difficulty concentrating o Heatstroke cooling system fails and sweating stops rapid pulse o Vitamins and minerals that are needed in much smaller amounts that macronutrients Chapter 7 5 What are micronutrients Water soluble versus fat soluble vitamins o Water soluble o Fat soluble Vitamin C and B complex KADE A eyes night blindness D bone health E protects cell membrane K blood clotting bone metabolism Can be toxic when taken in excess From supplements not food DK can be synthesized in body Characteristics of minerals o Naturally occurring o o Not broken down already in smallest form Inorganic Micronutrient absorption o Depends on chemical form o Binding factors within the same food Forms of iron o Heme found only in meats fish and poultry absorb 25 o Non heme plants and animal foods fortified supplements absorb 3 5 B vitamin functions and physical characteristics Chapter 8 Thiamin B1 metabolism of carbs and AA meats and grains o o Riboflavin B2 oxidation rnx light sensitive meats and enriched foods dairy o Niacin B3 oxidation rxn of carbs proteins and fats made from tryptophan meats and enriched grains o o Pyridoxine B6 AA and homocysteine metabolism and gluconeogenesis meats and potatoes Folate DNA synthesis cell differentiation embryo development grains and legumes Cyanocobalamin B12 DNA synthesis and nervous system functioning meat Pantothenic acid B5 fatty acid metabolism detox of drugs meats and enriched foods o o o Biotin fatty acid synthesis gluconeogenesis Coenzymes associated with each B vitamin o Niacin NAD NADP o Riboflavin FAD glutathione peroxidase o B12 CoA o Biotin pyruvate CoA o o B5 pantothenic acid CoA o B6 pyridoxal phosphate PNP PLP PMP o Thaimin pyrophosphate All deficiency and toxicity symptoms Deficiency Beriberi muscle wasting nerve damage Deficiency ariboflavinosis sore throat swollen mucous membranes Deficiency pellagra dementia dermatitis diarrhea Toxicity from supplements Toxicity nerve damage skin lesions Deficiency skin blood anemia nerve tissues Deficiency neural tube defects in infanct anemia heart disease Deficiency rare but anemia o Thiamin o Riboflavin o Niacin Pyridoxine o o Folate o B12 o Biotin Thyroid hormone functions and associated conditions Deficiency large consumption of raw egg whites o Hormones that regulate body temperature metabolism reproduction and growth o Goiter enlarged thyroid gland o o Hypothyroidism iodine deficiency resulting in decreased body temp cold intolerance weight gain fatigue Cretinism iodine deficiency resulting in mental retardation stunted growth o Hyperthyroidism high levels of thyroid hormone caused by Grave s disease resulting in weight loss increased heat production muscular tremors nervousness racing heartbeat protrusion of eyes sluggishness Sulfur containing amino acids o methionine cysteine Differences between body fluid types Intracellular within the cell 2 3 of body fluid Sodium chloride Extracellular outside the cell 1 3 of body fluid o o Chapter 9 What may affect the amount of body fluid o Tissue type Potassium phosphorus Interstitial fluid between cells that make up a particular tissue or organ Intravascular fluid water in the blood and lymph that transports blood cells within arteries veins and capillaries Prompts us to drink when there is an increased concentration of salt in the blood when we have a dry mouth or throat and when there is a reduction in blood volume and blood pressure Know the charge of specific electrolytes and if they are primarily intracellular or extracellular Fluid content is higher in lean tissue vs fatty tissue Males have more leas tissue therefore more fluid content o Gender o Age Decrease in body fluid as you age and lose lean tissue Body fluid loss and balance Sensible water loss urine sweat Insensible water loss skin not sweating or lungs during exhalation Thirst mechanism o o o o o o o o o Sodium and potassium are positive Chloride and phosphorus are negative ECF sodium chloride ICF potassium phosphorus Functions of fluid and electrolytes Electrolytes Enable nerves to respond to stimuli Muscle contraction Ca Help regulate fluid balance Fluid Protect and lubricate joints Maintain body temperature Dissolve and transport substances Account for blood volume ADH stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water Angiotensin vasoconstrictor that increased blood pressure Aldosterone signals kidneys to retain sodium and chloride and water increases BP How do we regulate our blood volume o Kidneys Release rennin when low blood volume Know the terms for high low blood sodium and high low blood potassium levels o Hyponatremia low sodium o Hypernatremia high blood sodium o Hypokalemia low potassium o Hyperkalemia high potassium Evaporative cooling system o Sweat produced by body evaporates and cools us What is dehydration and who is at risk Fluid loss exceeds fluid intake Elderly and infants have higher risk o o Heat stroke Failure in the body s heat regulating mechanisms o o Rapid pulse hot and dry skin high body temperature loss of consciousness Location of phosphorus phosphate o ATP DNA RNA cell membrane triglyceride and lipoproteins
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