HUN 1201 Study Guide for Exam 1 Includes identifying how we consume digest metabolize and store nutrients Includes studying our eating patterns and making recommendations 1 What is Nutrition a Food is the plants and animals we eat b Nutrition is the science that studies food i How food nourishes our bodies ii How food influences our health iii iv 2 What are the overreaching goals of Healthy people 2020 a Four primary goals i Help people attain higher quality and longer lives via prevention of disease disability injury and premature death ii Achieve health equity improve health for all iii Create social and physical environments that promote health iv Promote quality of life healthy development and healthy behaviors across all life stages 3 Define DRI RDA EAR UL EER and AMDR a Dietary Reference Intakes DRIs updated nutritional standards i Expanded on the previous RDA values ii Set standards for nutrients that do not have RDA values iii Dietary standards for healthy people only iv Aim to prevent deficiency diseases and reduce chronic diseases b Dietary Reference Intakes DRIs consist of i Estimated Average Requirement EAR ii Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA iii Adequate Intake AI iv Tolerable Upper Intake Level UL v Estimated Energy Requirements EER vi Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range AMDR Estimated Average Requirement EAR o The average daily inake level of a nutrient to meet the needs of half of the healthy people in a particular life stage or gender group o Used to define the Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA of a nutrient o The average daily nutrient intake level that meets the needs of 97 to 98 of healthy people Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA in a particular life stage and gender group Adequate Inake AI o Recommended average daily nutrient intake level o Based on observed and experimentally determined esimates of nutrient intake by a group of o Used when the RDA is not available vitamin K chromium and fluoride Tolerable Upper Intake Level UL o Highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to healthy people most people o Consumption of a nutrient levels above the UL increases the potential for toxic effects and health risks increases Estimaed Energy Requirment EER o Average dietary energy intake to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult o Defined by age gender weight height and level of physical activity Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges AMDR health each nutrient o Ranges of energy intakes from macronutrients that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients o If nutrient intake falls outside the range there is a potential for increasing our risk for poor 4 What are the classes of nutrients Define each of them chemical composition kcal content of a Nutrients are chemical substances critical for human growth and function found in foods b Six groups of nutrients found in foods Organic contain carbon and hydrogen i Carbohydrates ii Lipids fats and oils iii Proteins iv Vitamins v Minerals vi Water Inorganic do not contain carbon and hydrogen c Macronutrients are required in relatively large amounts i Provide energy fuel to our bodies ii Carbohydrates lipids and proteins d Micronutrients are required in smaller amounts i Do not provide energy but facilitate the release of energy ii Vitamins minerals water e Alcohol not a nutrient i Does not support regulation of body functions or the building or repairing of tissues ii Considered to be both a drug and a toxin Proteins are main energy source when starving o Primary fuel source for the body especially for neurologic functioning and physical Carbohydrates exercise o Composed of chains of carbon hydrogen and oxygen o Found in grains wheat rice vegetables fruits legumes lentils beans peas seeds nuts and milk products Lipids o A diverse group of substances that are largely insoluble in water o Includes triglycerides phospholipids and sterols o Composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen o Main energy source during rest or low to moderate intensity exercise o Stored as adipose tissue body fat o Provide fat soluble vitamins Proteins o In addition to the carbon and hydrogen proteins also contain nitrogen o Not typically a primary energy source important in building new cells tissues maintaining bone repairing damage and regulating metabolism and fluid balance o Found in many foods particularly meat dairy seeds nuts and legumes small amounts in grains and vegetables Micronutrient Vitamins o Organic compounds that assist in regulating body processes Build and maintain health bones and tissues Support immune system Ensure healthy vision Do not contain or supply energy to our bodies Helps us utilize the energy derived from Can be destroyed by light heat air etc Two types Fat soluble and water soluble Micronutrient Minerals o Inorganic substances required for body processes Regulate fluid and energy production Support bone and blood health Remove harmful metabolic by products Exist in the simplest possible form can t be broken down further or destroyed by heat light o Two types Major and Trace minerals Trace is little amounts Water o A vital inorganic nutrient supporting all body processes Fluid balance Energy production Regulation of nerve impulses body temperature and muscle contractions Nutrient transport Excretion of waste products o Sources include water in its pure form juices other drinks and many foods 5 What are categories 6 Define trace the two main of vitamins major minerals and minerals 7 Define the various stages of nutrient deficiencies a Nutrition Deficiencies i Primary deficiency occurs when a person does not consume enough of a nutrient a direct consequence of inadequate intake ii Secondary deficiency occurs when 1 A person cannot absorb enough of a nutrient in his or her body 2 Too much of a nutrient is excreted from the body 3 A nutrient is not utilized efficiently by the body b Deficiency Symptoms i Subclinical deficiency occurs in the early stages few or no symptoms are observed ii Subclinical symptoms are hidden and require laboratory tests or other invasive procedures to detect iii Symptoms of nutrition deficiency that become obvious are overt 1 Overt obvious 8 Which are the components of the food labels required by the FDA 1 Food Labels The FDA requires food labels on most products These labels must include 1 A statement of identity Ingredient list 2 Net contents of the package 3 4
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