Study Guide for Final Exam Test 4 1 What is the main link between Nutrition and Disease in the US Some nutrients can help to prevent disease or lower your risk Healthy People 2020 Increase quality and years of healthy life eliminate health disparities 2 Give examples of 5 organic micronutrients Give examples of 5 inorganic micronutrients The lack of what element makes them inorganic Organic Vitamin A B C D E Inorganic Water Minerals Inorganic nutrients are from lack of Carbon 4 DRI s apply to which population of people Healthy people ONLY 5 What is a chronic disease 3 What are the primary functions of proteins in the body Cell growth repair maintenance Enzymes and hormones Fluid and electrolyte balance Acid base balance Immune system Energy source Nutrient transport and storage A disease that persists for a long time A chronic disease is one lasting 3 months or more by the definition of the U S National Center for Health Statistics Chronic diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication nor do they just disappear 6 Define Nutrient Density Most commonly nutrient density is defined as a ratio of nutrient content in grams to the total energy content in kilocalories or joules Nutrient dense food is opposite to energy dense food also called empty calorie food 7 Which government agency regulates food labeling in the US FDA 8 What type of fat do we want to avoid entirely and what type of fat do we want to limit according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Consume less than 10 percent of calories from saturated fatty acids and less than 300 mg day of cholesterol and keep trans fatty acid consumption as low as possible 9 When an individual is consuming fewer calories than required which characteristic of a healthful diet would not Balanced Diverse Salt be met Define Balance Adequacy Variety Moderation to help you answer this Adequate Sufficient energy and nutrients to maintain a person s health Varies from person to person Moderate Not too much and not too little of any of the foods Proper proportions of nutrients Many different foods from the different food groups on a regular basis Moderation would not be met if you are consuming too little of food 10 Processed foods typically contain what mineral to help preserve it 11 Define physically active according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans At least 30 minutes of physical activity a day 12 Define Hunger Define Appetite What is the difference between the two Hunger physiological drive for food Nonspecific Can be satisfied by a variety of different foods Appetite psychological desire to consume specific foods What are the functions of mucus in the stomach 13 What does HCL activate in the stomach a Hydrochloric acid HCl denatures proteins and activates pepsin 14 What compound secreted during digestion emulsifies fats What organs make and store this Bile emulsifies the lipids a Lipids are dispersed into smaller globules and become more accessible to digestive enzymes Gallbladder stores bile a greenish fluid produced by the liver CCK signals the gallbladder to release bile 15 What compound neutralizes stomach acid What organ secretes this The enzymes secreted by the exocrine gland in the pancreas help break down carbohydrates fats proteins and acids in the duodenum These enzymes travel down the pancreatic duct into the bile duct in an inactive form When they enter the duodenum they are activated The exocrine tissue also secretes a bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum 16 Where does carbohydrate digestion occur and what enzymes are involved 17 Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb which nutrient Which cells in the stomach secret this In the mouth Salivary amylase Gastric Glands a Parietal Cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor b Chief Cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase 18 Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices What is this digestive juice called a a hormone secreted by stomach lining cells that stimulates the gastric glands to produce gastric juice Gastrin 19 List the accessory organs of digestion Gall Bladder Pancreas Liver 20 Which hormone secreted in the GI tract plays a role in eating behavior and weight regulation Ghrelin a hormone secreted by the cells in the GI tract plays a role in eating behaviors and weight regulation 21 Define absorption digestion elimination and segmentation a Absorption The movement of a substance such as a liquid or a solute across a cell membrane by means of diffusion or osmosis b Digestion the process by which food is broken down into simple chemical compounds that can be absorbed and used as nutrients or eliminated by the body c Elimination expelling waste products from the body d Segmentation periodic constriction of segments of intestine without movement backwards or forwards A mixing rather than a propulsive movement 22 What enzyme is secreted in the mouth Salivary Amylase 23 The smallest molecules that make up carbohydrates are called glucose monosaccrides 24 The smallest molecules that make up proteins are called amino acids 25 What type of diet causes ketosis Low Carbohydrate 26 Define hyperglycemia hypoglycemia High glucose levels love glucose levels 27 Define moderate alcohol consumption Males 2 drinks per day Female 1 drink per day 28 Define Metabolic Tolerance Functional Tolerance a Metabolic tolerance i The liver becomes more efficient in its breakdown of alcohol ii BAC rises more slowly after drinking b Functional tolerance i Individuals show few signs of impairment intoxication even at high BAC 29 What are the steps in alcohol oxidation What does ADH alcohol dehydrogenase do Alcohol is oxidized primarily in the liver by enzymes a Alcohol dehydrogenase ADH In humans and many other animals they serve to break down alcohols that otherwise are toxic and they also participate in generation of useful aldehyde ketone or alcohol groups during biosynthesis of various metabolites b Aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH c Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system MEOS First pass metabolism small amount of alcohol is oxidized in the stomach before being absorbed into the bloodstream 30 Name some foods sources of saturated fats polyunsaturated fats monounsaturated fats and trans fats a Saturated Fat cheese milk b Polyunsaturated fat sunflower seeds olive oil c Monounsaturated fat vegetable oil d Trans fat packaged foods 31 Trans fats are not good for health Why Diets high in trans fatty acids Can raise blood levels of LDL cholesterol as much
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