Study Guide for Final Exam HUN1201 Test 4 1 What is the main link between Nutrition and Disease in the US The primary link between poor nutrition and mortality is obesity Obesity is a well established risk factor for many chronic diseases such as heart disease stroke type 2 diabetes and some forms of cancer 2 Give examples of 5 organic containig carbon micronutrients i Vitamins B vitamins niacin riboflavin thiamin pantothenic acid biotin and folate Give examples of 5 inorganic do not contain carbon micronutrients i Minerals ex sodium potassium calcium magnesium zinc and iron The lack of carbon makes classifies micronutrients as inorganic or organic 3 What are the primary functions of proteins in the body Proteins play a major role in building new cells and tissues maintaining the structure and strength of bone repairing damaged structures and assisting in regulating metabolism and fluid balance Support tissue GROWTH REPAIR and MAINTENANCE 4 DRI s apply to which population of people DRI s are a new set of reference values aimed at preventing and reducing the risk of chronic disease and promoting optimal health Dietary Reference Intakes apply to healthy individuals only they do not apply to people with diseases or those with nutrient deficiencies A disease characterized by a gradual onset and long duration ex heart disease obesity cancer type 2 diabetes 6 Nutrient Dense foods foods that give the highest amount of nutrients for the least amount of energy or DRI s consist of four values i Estimated Average Requirement EAR ii Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA iii Adequate Intake AI iv Tolerable Upper Intake Level UL 5 What is a chronic disease calories 7 Which government agency regulates food labeling in the US FDA U S Food and Drug Administration Guidelines for Americans Trans fat should intake should be as low as possible Limit saturated fats and cholesterol 8 What type of fat do we want to avoid entirely and what type of fat do we want to limit according to the Dietary 9 When an individual is consuming fewer calories than required which characteristic of a healthful diet would not be met Define Balance Adequacy Variety Moderation to help you answer this If an individual is consuming fewer calories than required they would not have an adequate dietary intake A balanced diet is one that contains the combinations of foods that provide the proper proportions of nutrients Moderation refers to eating any foods in moderate amounts not too much and not too little Variety refers to eating many different foods from the different food groups on a regular basis selecting a wide variety of foods increases the likelihood of consuming the multitude of nutrients the body needs An adequate diet provides enough of the energy nutrients and fiber to maintain a person s health 10 Processed foods typically contain what mineral to help preserve it Sodium 11 Define physically active according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Key recommendations for physical activity according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans include engaging in regular physical activity and reducing sedentary activities Being active for at least 30 minutes a day every week can reduce the risk of heart disease and defines a physically active individual 12 Define hunger and appetite Hunger physiological drive for food nonspecific a variety of foods could satisfy this drive Appetite psychological desire to consume specific foods aroused by environmental cues that stimulate our sense 13 What are the functions of mucus in the stomach Mucus layer protects the lining of the stomach from the acid in the gastric juices 14 What does HCL activate in the stomach The inactive enzyme pepsinogen is activated by HCl and converts this enzyme to pepsin which begins the digestion of proteins into smaller components 15 What compound secreted during digestion emulsifies fats What organs make and store this Bile is a greenish fluid produced by the liver that emulsifies the lipids reduces lipids into smaller globules and disperses them so they are more accessible to digestive enzymes secreted by the gallbladder 16 What compound neutralizes stomach acid What organ secretes this The pancreas manufactures holds and secretes digestive enzymes Bicarbonate is secreted to neutralize acidic chyme Cells lining the stomach secrete bicarbonate which neutralizes acid near the surface of the stomach s lining and also assists in protecting this lining 17 Where does carbohydrate digestion occur and what enzymes are involved Digestion begins in the mouth Carbohydrates are broken down by salivary amylase which is produced in the mouth Pancreatic amylase produced in the pancreas is active in the small intestine to further digest carbs 18 Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb which nutrient Which cells in the stomach secret this Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor to absorb vitamin B12 19 Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices What is this digestive juice called Gastrin secreted by stomach lining cells called G cells stimulates gastric glands to secrete a digestive fluid referred to as gastric juice 20 List the accessory organs of digestion o Gallbladder Stores bile a greenish fluid produced by the liver that emulsifies the lipids reduces lipids into smaller globules and disperses them so they are more accessible to digestive enzymes CCK signals the gallbladder to contract and release the bile o Pancreas Manufactures holds secretes digestive enzymes Stores enzymes in inactive form Insulin and glucagon hormones Produced to regulate blood glucose levels Bicarbonate is secreted to neutralize acidic chyme o Liver Largest digestive organ one of the most important digestive organs synthesizes chemicals for metabolism ex bile receives the products of digestion via the portal vein releases glucose from glycogen stores major role in regulating the level and type of fuel circulating in our blood stores vitamins filters blood 21 Which hormone secreted in the GI tract plays a role in eating behavior and weight regulation Ghrelin is a hormone secreted by cells in the gastrointestinal tract and has been identified as playing a role in eating behavior and weight regulation 22 Define absorption digestion elimination and segmentation Absorption the physiologic process by which molecules of food are taken from the GI tract into the circulation Segmentation rhythmic contraction of circular muscles in the intestinal wall occurs in small intestine mixes
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