HUN 1201 Exam 3 Study Guide Fall 2012 Chapter 14 What sources of energy are utilized during resting and different forms of physical activity high low intensity exercise o Adensoine Triphosphate ATP Energy carrying molecule in the body ATP must be generated continuously since muscles store only enough ATP for 1 3 seconds of activity Energy is realeased when 1 of the 3 phosphates in ATP is cleaved o Creatine Phosphate CP o Glucose Stores some energy that can be used to make ATP CP stores enough energy for 3 15 seconds of maximal physical effort Provides ATP through glycolysis Anaerobic o Aerobic 3 mins 4 hours Breakdown of glucose yeilds 2 ATP molecules o Breakdown of glucose yeilds 36 38 molecules of ATP o Pyruvate Converted into lactic acid A by product of intense activity Excess lactic acid is coverted into glucose When should we replenish our body with nutrients as a result of exercise o In the first 4 6 hours of recovery What is glycogen loading When is it most effective Altering exercise duration and carbohydrate intake to maxime muscle glycogen Not not always improve performance Side effects Gastrointestinal distress Feeling heavy bloated and sluggish What are the common heat illnesses and how are they manifested Know the most fatal one Heat Syncope Heat Cramps Dizziness when standing Muscle spasms Heat Exhaustion and Heatstroke What are micronutrients Chapter 7 5 Vitamins and minerals that are needed in much smaller amounts Assist body functions Energy metabolism Formation and maintenance of healthy cells and tissues often do we have to consume them o Water Soluble Vitamins Not stored in large amounts Need to be consumed on a daily or weekly basis Deficieny symptoms including diseases or syndromes can arise fairly quickly o Fat Soluble Vitamins A D E and K Readily stored in the bodys adipose tissue Can be toxic when taken in excess o o o o o o o o Excessive sweating weakness nausea dizziness headache difficulty concetraing hallucinations coma What is the difference between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins ie how are they absorbed transported stored excreted and how Megadosing 10 x recommended intake What are the characteristics of minerals What is the difference between major and trace minerals List the important major and trace Naturally occuring inorganic non carbon containing substances All minerals are eleements Originate from environment Simplest chemical form possible Not digested or broken down prior to aborsption minerals o o o Major Minerals Require at least 100 mg per day Trace Minerals Sodium Potassium Phosphorus Chloride Calcium Magnesium Sulfur Require less than 100 mg per day Selenium Fluoride Iodine Chromium Manganese Iron Zinc Copper o o o o o o o o o Heme Non Heme Thiamin Riboflavin b2 Niacin b3 Pyridoxine b6 What affects micronutrient absorption both increase and decrease absorption Know some examples Only in meats fish and poultry 25 Plant and animal foods iron fortified foods supplements 3 5 What is the main function of B vitamins Chapter 8 Assists in production of DNA and RNA and synthesis of neurotransmitters Involved in oxidation reduction reactions Required for oxidation reduction reactions of carbohydrates proteins and fats Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism and glucoeogensis synthesis of glycogen phosphorylase PRO metab tansamination PLP Essential for fatty acid metabolism Pantothenic Acid b5 Biotin b7 Component of carboxylase enzymes that serve as CO2 carriers What are the cofactors associated with each B vitamin and what processes are they involved in Which B vitamins are sensitive to heat light o Riboflavin vitamin b2 light sensitive What are the deficiencies and toxicities associated with each B vitamin o o o o o o o Muscle wasting nerve damage Sore throat swollen mucous membranes Dermaitisis diarrhea dementia Skin blood nerve tissues Anemia convulsions depression confusion Thiamin b1 Beriberi Riboflavin b2 Ariboflavinosis Niacin b3 Pellagra Pyridoxine b6 Pantothenic Acid b5 Very rare Biotin b7 o Choline Iodine Acceleration of synthesis and release of acetylcholine Deficiency Fat accumulation in the liver Toxicity from excess supplementation Regulates body temperature and metabolism Cretinism Mental retardation stunted growth Hypothyrodism Hyperthyroidism Why are choline and Iodine important What are their deficiency and toxicity symptoms Seen in large consumption of raw egg whites over time What is body fluid and why is it important o What is the difference between intracellular extracellular and interstitial fluid Chapter 9 2 3 of body fluid 1 3 of body fluid Intracellular Extracellular Interstitial Fluid Intravascular Between cells that make up tissue or muscle or liver Water in the blood and lymph o What factors affect the amount of body fluid Tissue type Gender Age Fluid content is higher in lean tissue vs fatty tissue Males have more lean tissue o When and how do we lose body fluid o What factors affect the balance of body fluid inside and outside of our cells Decrease in body water results partly from loss of lean tissue as people age Decreased body temperature cold intolerance weight gain fatigue sluggishness High levels of thyroid hormone caused by Graves disease o Weight loss increased heat production muscular tremors rapid heartbeat o Functions regulatory effects hormones that react to a decrease in fluids osmosis water loss over hydration dehydration How do we regulate our blood volume o What are the roles of ADH Rennin Angiotensin and Aldosterone Antidiuretic Hormone ADH Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water reducing urine Responds to decreased blood pressure o Activate angiotensinogen angiotensin I angiostensin II Signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride thereby retaining water increasing blood pressure and decreasing urine output What are electrolytes o What are the major intracellular and extracellular electrolytes Extracellular fluid Sodium chloride Intracellular fluid Potassium phosphorus Renin Angiotensin II Aldosterone Vasoconstrictor Increases blood pressure What are the 3 main sources of body fluid Cerebrospinal Fluid o Protects the brain and spinal cord Amniotic Fluid Synovial Fluid Protects the fetus Lubricates joints o o o o Tears Saliva Cleanse and lubricates eyes Moistens food for swallowing What is dehydration how do we measure it and who is at risk o Occurs when fluid loss exceeds fluid intake o o Commonly due to heavy exercise or high environmental temperatures Elderly and infants are at
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