Study Guide for Final Exam Test 4 1 What is the main link between Nutrition and Disease in the US Poor nutrition is a direct cause of deficiency diseases as well as 3 chronic diseases heart disease stroke and diabetes OBESITY is the primary link between poor nutrition and mortality 2 Give examples of 5 organic micronutrients Give examples of 5 inorganic micronutrients The lack of what element makes them inorganic Organic Micronutrients Inorganic Micronutrients The lack of carbon makes nutrients inorganic vitamins A D E K C B vitamins etc 3 What are the primary functions of proteins in the body water minerals calcium phosphorous sodium potassium chloride Supports tissue growth repair maintenance maintains the structure strength of bone assists in regulating metabolism fluid balance 4 DRI s apply to which population of people Only healthy individuals NOT people with diseases are nutrient deficiencies 5 What is a chronic disease 6 Define Nutrient Density A persistent long lasting disease cancer diabetes HIV AIDS asthma arthritis A food is considered dense when it contains a high amount of nutrients for the least amount of kcals 7 Which government agency regulates food labeling in the US The FDA requires labels to include statement of identity net contents ingredient list manufacturer and nutrition info 8 What type of fat do we want to avoid entirely and what type of fat do we want to limit according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Avoid trans fats entirely Limit saturated fats 9 When an individual is consuming fewer calories than required which characteristic of a healthful diet would not be met Balanced diet Adequate diet Variety Moderation proper proportions of nutrients sufficient energy nutrients to maintain a person s health many different foods from the different food groups on a regular basis not too much not too little of any of the foods 10 Processed foods typically contain what mineral to help preserve it Sodium 11 Define physically active according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans To be physically active you should include cardio stretching for flexibility and resistance At least 30 min daily of moderate activity most days of the week 60 90 min per day on most days of the week to prevent weight gain or promote weight loss 12 Define Hunger Define Appetite What is the difference between the two a physiologic sensation that prompts us to eat Hunger Appetite a psychological desire to consume specific foods 13 What are the functions of mucus in the stomach A layer of mucus lines the stomach to protect against the acid in gastric juices 14 What does HCL activate in the stomach HCl Hydrochloric Acid activates the enzyme PEPSIN which digests proteins 15 What compound secreted during digestion emulsifies fats What organs make and store this BILE is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder 16 What compound neutralizes stomach acid What organ secretes this secreted by the pancreas neutralizes acidic chyme BICARBONATE 17 Where does carbohydrate digestion occur and what enzymes are involved Begins in the mouth with salivary amylase Most chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase Additional enzymes in the microvilli digest carbs into monosaccharides which are then absorbed into the cells lining of the small intestine then enter the blood stream 18 Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb which nutrient Which cells in the stomach secrete this Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B12 19 Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices What is this digestive juice called Gastrin triggers the release of GASTRIC JUICE containing HCl Pepsin Gastric Lipase Intrinsic Factor 20 List the accessory organs of digestion stores bile secretes it into the small intestine Gallbladder Liver Pancreas produces bile filters the blood receives the products of digestion via the portal vein releases glucose manufactures holds secretes digestive enzymes 21 Which hormone secreted in the GI tract plays a role in eating behavior and weight regulation Ghrelin 22 Define absorption digestion elimination and segmentation Digestion Absorption Elimination Segmentation the process where molecules of food are taken from the GI tract into the circulation foods are broken down into their component molecules either mechanically or chemically process by which the undigested portions of food waste products are removed from the body rhythmic contraction of the circular muscles of the intestines that squeeze chime mix it 23 What enzyme is secreted in the mouth Salivary amylase 24 The smallest molecules that make up carbohydrates are called carbon hydrogen oxygen 25 The smallest molecules that make up proteins are called carbon hydrogen oxygen NITROGEN amino acids 26 What type of diet causes ketosis A low carb diet with insufficient amounts of glucose 27 Define hyperglycemia hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia a condition in which blood glucose levels are HIGHER than normal a condition in which blood glucose levels are BELOW normal FASTING LEVELS 28 Define moderate alcohol consumption 1 drink per day for women 2 drinks per day for men 29 Define Metabolic Tolerance Functional Tolerance the liver becomes more efficient in its breakdown of alcohol A person s BAC rises Metabolic Tolerance more slowly after drinking Functional Tolerance 30 What are the steps in alcohol oxidation What does ADH alcohol dehydrogenase do individuals show few signs of impairment intoxication even at a high BAC A small amount of alcohol oxidation occurs in the stomach but primarily occurs in the liver by ADH ALDH breaking down about 1 drink per hour ADH triggers the first step in alcohol degradation reduces absorption 31 Name some foods sources of saturated fats polyunsaturated fats monounsaturated fats and trans fats animal fats butter lard canola corn safflower oils Saturated fats Polyunsaturated fats Monounsaturated fats Trans fats cakes cookies crackers 32 Trans fats are not good for health Why olive canola peanut oils walnuts cashews Raises blood cholesterol appears to change cell membrane function the way cholesterol is removed from the blood Can increase the risk for cardiovascular disease 33 Name to two essential fatty acids EFAs OMEGA 6 linoleic acid OMEGA 3 alpha linoleic acid 34 What does CCK cholecystokinin do Stimulates the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes stimulates the gallbladder to contract and slows the gastric emptying 35 What dose
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