Study Guide for Final Exam Test 4 1 What is the main link between Nutrition and Disease in the US Obesity 2 Give examples of 5 organic micronutrients Vitamins B vitamins niacin riboflavin thiamin pantothenic acid biotin and folate Give examples of 5 inorganic micronutrients Minerals sodium potassium calcium magnesium zinc and iron The lack of what element makes them inorganic Carbon 3 What are the primary functions of proteins in the body Build new cells and tissues maintain the structure and strength of bone repairs damaged structures Growth Repair and Maintenance 4 DRI s apply to which population of people Healthy individuals only 5 What is a chronic disease 6 Define Nutrient Density Disease characterized by a gradual onset and long duration 7 Which government agency regulates food labeling in the US FDA U S Food and Drug Administration Guidelines for Americans Avoid Trans Fat Limit Saturated Fat and cholesterol Foods that give the highest amount of nutrients for the least amount of energy or calories 8 What type of fat do we want to avoid entirely and what type of fat do we want to limit according to the Dietary 9 When an individual is consuming fewer calories than required which characteristic of a healthful diet would not be met They would not have an adequate dietary intake 10 Processed foods typically contain what mineral to help preserve it Sodium 11 Define physically active according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Engaging in a regular physical activity and reducing sedentary activities Being active for at least 30 minutes a day every week can reduce the risk of heart disease and defines a physically active individual 12 Define Hunger Define Appetite What is the difference between the two Hunger physiological drive for food non specific Appetite psychological desire to consume foods specific 13 What are the functions of mucus in the stomach It protects the lining of the stomach from the acid in the gastric juices 14 What does HCL activate in the stomach HCL activates Pepsinogen which activates Pepsin which starts digestion of protein 15 What compound secreted during digestion emulsifies fats What organs make and store this Bile emulsifies lipids and it is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder 16 What compound neutralizes stomach acid What organ secretes this Bicarbonate is secreted by the pancreas 17 Where does carbohydrate digestion occur and what enzymes are involved Digestion begins in the mouth Carbohydrates are broken down by salivary amylase which is produced in the mouth 18 Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb which nutrient Which cells in the stomach secret this Parietal cells secrete Vitamin B12 19 Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices What is this digestive juice called Gastrin stimulates gastric glands to secrete gastric juice 20 List the accessory organs of digestion Gallbladder Stores Bile Pancreas Manufactures holds secretes digestive enzymes Liver Largest digestive organ filters blood 21 Which hormone secreted in the GI tract plays a role in eating behavior and weight regulation Ghrelin 22 Define absorption digestion elimination and segmentation Absorption molecules of food are taken from the GI tract into circulation Segmentation contraction of circular muscles in the intestinal wall mixes chyme Digestion process by which foods are broken down Elimination Undigested waste products are removed from the body 23 What enzyme is secreted in the mouth Salivary amylase 24 The smallest molecules that make up carbohydrates are called glucose monosaccharides 25 The smallest molecules that make up proteins are called amino acids 26 What type of diet causes ketosis Fasting diets 27 Define hyperglycemia hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia High blood sugar excess amount of glucose Hypoglycemia Blood sugar is too low 28 Define moderate alcohol consumption 1 drink per day females 2 drinks per day males 29 Define Metabolic Tolerance Functional Tolerance Metabolic Tolerance liver becomes more efficient in its breakdown of alcohol Functional Tolerance show few if any signs of impairment or intoxication even with high BAC levels 30 What are the steps in alcohol oxidation What does ADH alcohol dehydrogenase do Alcohol is oxidized into acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase ADH ADH converts ethanol to acetaldehyde The alcohol is then oxidized by aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH into acetate Acetate is converted into acetyl CoA 31 Name some foods sources of saturated fats polyunsaturated fats monounsaturated fats and trans fats Saturated fats are solid at room temp butter Polyunsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature canola and corn oil Monounsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature olive and peanut oil cashew nuts Trans fats are more liquid at room temperature Hydrogenation creates trans fats 32 Trans fats are not good for health Why It raises bad cholesterol and lowers good cholesterol 33 Name to two essential fatty acids EFAs Lineolic acid and alpha linolenic acid 34 What does CCK cholecystokinin do Signals gallbladder to release bile 35 What dose insulin do What does glucagon do Insulin Anabolic hormone increases in blood after meal Glucagon Catabolic hormone triggers breakdown of stored energy releases glucose 36 What transports fats into the enterocyte during digestion What is the difference between a micelle and a chylomicron Micelle transports lipid digestion products to the enterocytes for absorbtion Chylomicron produced in the mucosal cell transports dietary fat lipids out of the intestinal tract 37 What is a phospholipid Type of lipid in which fatty acid is combined with another compound that contains phosphate 38 What is the difference between a monoacylglyceride and a triglyceride Triglyceride a molecule consisting of three fatty acids attatched to a three carbon glycerol backbone Monoacylglyceride has one fatty acid attatched to a one carbon glycerol backbone 39 What are the essential amino acids Define limiting amino acid An essential amino acid is not produced by the body or not produced in sufficient amounts so they must be obtained from food A limiting amino acid is the essential amino acid that is missing or in the smallest supply in the amino acid pool 40 How can you determine protein requirements Nitrogen balance is used to determine a person s protein needs Consume more nitrogen than is excreted positive nitrogen balance Consume more nitrogen than is consumed negative nitrogen balance 41 Define marasumus
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