HUN 1201 Exam 3 Study Guide Fall 2013 Chapter 14 1 What sources of energy are utilized during resting and different forms of physical activity high low intensity exercise i Lipids are the primary source of energy during rest and low intensity exercise Carbs are the primary energy source during high intensity exercise b Why are these sources of energy utilized during certain times and less during other times Consider Aerobic and anaerobic exercise i Lipids are more easily digested in the presence of copious amounts of oxygen where carbs can be burned as well in order to avoid releasing ketones Lipids are therefore the primary source of energy during low intensity exercise because you have time to breathe and there is plenty of oxygen c When would you be using ATP Creatine phosphate Carbohydrates Fats i You use ATP in the first 1 3 seconds of exercise Creatine phosphate is utilized during the next 3 15 seconds of exercise sprints Carbs are next providing glucose for energy with the end product of ATP Fats are the very last to be broken down during long duration or low intensity exercise and they yield 2x more energy than carbs 2 What is glycogen loading In what kinds of sports is it most effective a Glycogen loading is also known as carb loading it s the total replenishing of the body s glycogen stores It is most effective in long distance endurance exercises such as cross country or skiing 3 What are the common heat illnesses and how are they manifested Know the most fatal one a Common Heat illnesses Heat syncope dizziness Heat cramps muscle spasms Heat exhaustion heat stroke Symptoms excessive sweating weakness nausea dizzy headache difficulty concentration Heat stroke is the most fatal 4 What are micronutrients Chapter 7 5 a Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals needed in smaller amounts than the macronutrients They help to release energy from the macronutrients 5 What is the difference between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins i Water soluble Excess can be excreted B and C vitamins Cannot be stored Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the adipose tissue A D E K b How are they absorbed i Water soluble vitamins are absorbed into the bloodstream Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine with fat globules c How are they stored and or excreted i Water soluble vitamins are stored in small amounts and excess is excreted in the urine Fat soluble vitamins are stored in the adipose tissue and excess intake can result in toxic levels d How often do we have to consume them i We have to consume water soluble vitamins on a daily weekly basis 6 What are the characteristics of minerals What is the difference between major and trace minerals a Minerals cannot be broken down any further they are in their simplest elemental form They are naturally occurring and inorganic Major minerals Sodium Potassium Phosphorus Sulfur Magnesium Chloride and Calcium are necessary in amounts greater that 100 mg day trace minerals are necessary in amounts less then 100 mg day 7 What affects micronutrient absorption both increase and decrease absorption Know some examples a Oxalic acid DECREASES the absorption of zinc and iron otherwise the same binding factors withing foods increase the rate of absorption and whole grains increase absorption 8 Know which form of iron is best absorbed and how to increase iron absorption by pairing it with foods a Heme iron is the best absorbed and that comes from animal products It s best absorbed when paired with foods that have the same binding factors and whole grain foods 9 What is the main function of B vitamins Chapter 8 a The primary function of B vitamins is to act as coenzyme and release energy from 10 What are the coenzymes associated with each B vitamin and what processes are they involved in a Thiamin TPP carbohydrate b Riboflavin FAD and FMN carbohydrate c Niacin NAD and NADP protein metabolism and the metabolic pathway between carbs and fat macronutrients metabolism d Vitamin B6 PLP protein e Folate THF protein f Pantothenic acid CoA carbs and fat metabolism g Biotin Biotin metabolic pathway between carbs and fat h Vitamin B12 B12 protein carbs fat metabolism and the metabolic pathway between protein 11 Which B vitamin is sensitive to light Which B vitamin can be stored in small amounts a Riboflavin is sensitive to light and is therefore stored in opaque containers B12 can be stored 12 What are the deficiencies and toxicities associated with niacin thiamin riboflavin and folate and carb in small amounts Know symptoms a Deficiencies i Niacin Pellagra dementia dermatitis diarrhea Toxic from supplements ii Thiamin Beriberi muscle wasting nerve damage No known toxicity iii Riboflavin Ariboflavinosis swollen mucous membranes sore throat No known toxicity iv Folate neural tube defects No known toxicity 13 Why are choline and Iodine important What are their deficiency and toxicity symptoms a Choline a vitamin like substance dealing with metabolism cell membranes and neurotransmission Deficiency fat accumulation in the liver Toxicity excess supplementation resulting in fihy body odor vomiting and diarrhea b Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones that regulate body temperature and metabolism Deficiencies or toxicities result in goiters enlarged thyroid gland Cretinism deficiency results in mental retardation and stunted growth 14 What effect does too much or too little thyroid hormone have What does thyroid hormone regulate in the body a Know diseases associated with thyroid hormone i The thyroid hormone regulates body temperature and metabolism ii Hypothyroidism under active thyroid results in decreased body temp weight gain sluggishness fatigue iii Hyperthyroidism overactive thyroid results in Grave s Disease Weight loss increased heat muscle tremors protrusion of eyes 15 Which mineral is necessary for insulin to function properly at the cellular membrane level a Chromium is necessary for insulin to function properly 16 What do the amino acids methionine and cysteine have what in common a Methionine and cysteine both contain sulfur 17 Superoxide dismutase is a very important antioxidant enzyme system What mineral is critical for it to function properly a Manganese is critical for superoxide dismutase 18 What is body fluid and why is it important Chapter 9 i Intracellular Fluid INSIDE the cell ii Extracellular Fluid OUTSIDE the cell iii Interstitial Fluid BETWEEN cells c What factors affect the amount of body fluid i Body fluid is the
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