Nutrition Final What is nutrition Why is it important Food plants and animals we eat provides energy and nutrients maintains life and support growth and health Nutrition the science that studies food how food nourishes the body and influences health deals with foods and nourishment Stages Ingestion Digestion Absorption Transport Metabolism excretion Relationship between poor nutrition and disease Poor nutrition causes deficiency diseases such as scurvy and pellagra Plays a role in the development of osteoporosis and cancer Is associated with chronic diseases such as heart disease stroke type 2 diabetes Direct link with rapid rise in obesity over the past 25 years Organic Vs Inorganic Organic contains carbon such as carbs lipids proteins vitamins Inorganic doesn t contain carbon Examples minerals water Macronutrient vs Micronutrient Macronutrients are required in large amounts provide energy to fuel bodies Micronutrients are required in smaller amounts assist in regulating bodily functions and are critical for building and maintaining healthy bones supports immune system and ensures healthy vision Fat soluble vs Water Soluble Fat Soluble vitamins A D E K Soluble in fat Stored in the human body Toxicity from excess amounts which accumulate in the body Water Soluble Vitamins B C Soluble in water Not stored to any extent in the body Excess excreted in urine Toxicity from overdose of supplements Energy Yielding Nutrients kcal for each Carbs 4 kcal g Fat 9 kcal g Protein 4 kcal g Alcohol 7 kcal g Estimated Average Requirement EAR Supports a specific function in the body for HALF of the HEALTHY population Recommended Dietary Allowances RDA Based off of the EAR Includes sufficient daily amounts of nutrients to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all HEALTHY populations 98 percent Tolerable Upper Intake Level UL A Tolerable Upper Intake Level UL is the highest level of continuing daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects in almost all individuals in the life stage group for which it has been designed Adequate Intake AI Reflects the average daily amount of a NUTRIENT that a group of HEALTHY people consumes Estimated Energy Requirement EER The average daily energy intake to maintain ENERGY BALANCE and GOOD HEALTH for population groups Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range AMDR Represents the range of intakes for energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce the risk of chronic diseases Useful tools for designing a healthful diet A healthful diet is Adequate Moderate Balanced Varied Tools for designing a healthful diet Food Labels The FDA requires food labels on most products These labels must include A statement of identity Net contents of the package Ingredient list Manufacturer s name and address Nutrition information Nutrition Facts Panel Tools for designing a healthful diet The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Developed by the U S Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services General advice for healthful diet and lifestyle Updated every 5 years Most recent update was in 2005 The 2010 update has been published Increased recommendation for Vitamin D Tools for designing a healthful diet USDA Food Patterns MyPlate MyPlate is the visual representation of the USDA Food Patterns Released in 2011 an interactive personalized guide Based on the 2010 Dietary Guidelines and the Dietary Reference Intakes Replaced the prior MyPyramid graphic and Intended to help Americans make better guidelines food choices Nutrient Density Nutrient Density nutrient dense foods give you the most nutrients for the fewest amounts of calories Recommendations for the Dietary Guidelines for MyPlate Balance Calories to maintain weight Consume fewer foods of concern Consume more healthful foods and nutrients Follow healthy eating patterns Recommendations of MyPlate Make half your grains whole Vary your veggies Focus on fruits Know your fats Get your calcium rich foods Go lean with protein Define Chronic Disease Long lasting condition that can be controlled but not cured Examples diabetes heart disease obesity How to evaluate if a person s body weight is healthful 1 Determining the body mass index BMI 2 Assessing the pattern of fat distribution Apple shaped Increased risk for chronic diseases More prevalent in men Pear shaped No significant increased chronic disease risk More prevalent in woman 3 Measuring body composition Underwater weighing Skinfold measurements Bioelectric impedance analysis Dual energy x ray absorptiometry DXA Bod Pod Components of Energy Expenditure Energy intake energy expenditure Energy intake kcal from food beverages Energy expenditure energy expended at rest and during physical activity Intake than energy expended weight gain In general an excess intake of about 3 500 kcal will result in a gain of 1 lb Without exercise this gain will likely be fat Anorexia Nervosa Self starvation leading to a severe nutrient deficiency 90 95 are young girls or women 5 20 of females with die from complications within 10 years Bulimia Nervosa recurrent episodes of extreme overeating and compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain repeated binge eating followed by purging Night Eating Syndrome People who were not hungry during the day become hungry during the evening and nights Depressed mood and insomnia Combination of eating disorder sleep disorder and mood disorder Binge Eating 2 3 of adults 8 of obese population Common in men Low self esteem avoidance of social contact depression and negative thoughts Female Athlete Triad Serious syndrome in some active females Low energy availability amenorrhea low body fat osteoporosis stress fractures Problems Associated with Alcohol Abuse Reduced brain function Even low intakes impair reasoning and judgment Teens young adults chronic excessive consumption can permanently damage brain structure and function Alcohol poisoning Serious metabolic response to very high intakes Reduces oxygen level reaching the brain can result in death from respiratory or cardiac failure Steps of alcohol oxidation What does ADH alcohol dehydrogenase do First pass metabolism small amount of alcohol is oxidized in the stomach before being absorbed into the bloodstream Gastric Stomach ADH activity Reduces alcohol absorption Genetic and gender differences in amount of ADH activity ADH is present in both the stomach and the liver Define Moderate Alcohol Consumption Recommended in moderation 1 drink per day for
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