Chapter 8 Nutrients Involved In Energy Metabolism The Body Requires Vitamins and Minerals to Produce Energy A coenzyme is a molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it and help it do its job o Thiamin riboflavin vitamin b6 niacin pantothenic acid and biotin energy metabolism o Folate and vitamin b12 cell regeneration and the synthesis of red blood cells Thiamin Function o Plays a critical role in the breakdown of glucose for energy Tpp is required for pyruvate dehydrogenase the enzyme responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coa o Assists in the production of dna and rna o Synthesis of neurotransmitters o ham pork products sunflower seeds beans oat bran mixed dishes that contain whole Food Sources or enriched grains Toxicity None Deficiency disease o beriberi muscle wasting and nerve damage Deficiency is more serious with heavy alcohol consumption and limited food intake o Alcohol related deficiency is Wernicke korsakoff syndrome Generally accompanied by low thiamin intake increases the need for thiamin to metabolize the alcohol reduces thiamin absorption Symptoms tremors confusion and impairment of memory Riboflavin Function Food Sources Toxicity None Deficiency Niacin Function o Oxidation reduction reactions o Flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide o Part of the coenzyme required by glutathione peroxidase o Milk is a good source but is destroyed by light o ariboflavinosis sore throat swelling of the mucous membrane Severe can impair the metabolism of vitamin b6 and niacin o Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are essential for the formation of NAD and NADP Required for the oxidation reduction reactions involved in the catabolism of carbohydrate fat and protein for energy o Unique vitamin in that the body can synthesize a limited amount from the amino acid tryptophan 60 1 Food Sources Toxicity Deficiency o pellagra rough skin o meat fish poultry enriched bread products and ready to eat cereals o flushing burning tingling and itching sensations accompanied by a reddened flush primarily on the face arms and chest Liver damage glucose intolerance blurred vision and edema of the eys can be seen with very large doses over long periods of time Changes in the gastrointestinal tract weakness fatigue anorexia dermatitis diarrhea and dementia Vitamin B6 Function o Pyridoxine pyridoxal pyridoxamine o It plays a critical role in transamination o Gluconeogenesis Food Sources o meat fish poultry Toxicity none Deficiency o anemia convulsions depression confusion and inflamed irritated patches on the skin Skin blood and nervous system Blood levels of homocysteine increase because of incomplete metabolism or methionine Risk factor for cardiovascular disease Pantothenic Acid Toxicity none Deficiency rare Function o Metabolized into two major coenzymes coenzyme a and acyl carrier protein Essential for synthesis of fatty acids CoA fatty acid oxidation ketone metabolism and the metabolism of carbohydrate and protein Biotin Function o Four carboxylase enzymes Carbon dioxide carrier and the carboxyl donor Fatty acid synthesis gluconeogenesis and carbohydrate fat and protein metabolism o Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes the synthesis of oxaloacetate from pyruvate in the tca o only seen in people who consume large amounts of egg whites avidin Tinning of hair loss of hair color red scaly rash around the eyes nose and mouth depression lethargy and hallucinations cycle Deficiencies Toxicity none Choline Function o Vitamin like substance that is important for metabolism the structural integrity of cell membranes and neurotransmission o Fat digestion and transport of homocysteine metabolism o Important role in the metabolism and transport of fats and cholesterol o Found in bile Food Sources o widespread Toxicity Deficiency Iodine o fishy body odor vomiting excess salivation sweating diarrhea and low blood pressure o increased fat accumulation in the liver leads to liver damage Component of the thyroid hormones Function o body temperature resting metabolic rate and reproduction and growth o saltwater fish shrimp seaweed iodized salt and white and whole wheat breads made with iodized salt and bread conditioners o too much iodine blocks the synthesis of thyroid hormones goiter enlargement of a Food Sources Toxicity thyroid gland Deficiency o less iodine for the production of thyroid hormones goiter o Cretinism mental retardation Hypothyroidism decreased body temperature inability to tolerate cold environmental temperatures weight gain fatigue sluggishness Hyperthyroidism commonly caused by graves disease autoimmune disease that causes overproduction of thyroid hormones beat and protrusion of the eyes o Weight loss increased heat production muscular tremors nervousness racing heart Chromium Function o Enhances the ability of insulin to transport glucose from the bloodstream into cells o Metabolism of rna and dna in immune function and growth o Widely distributed in foods but concentrations in any particular food are not typically Contamination can easily occur during the lab analysis Food Sources high Manganese Function o Cofactor involved in protein fat and carbohydrate metabolism gluconeogenesis cholesterol synthesis and the formation of urea the primary component of urine o Superoxide dismutase an antioxidant enzyme o Protecting the body from oxidative damage Food Sources o whole gran foods Toxicity Deficiency rare Sulfur Function No dri specifically for sulfur Toxicity none Deficiency none o impairment of the neuromuscular system muscle spasms and tremors o Major mineral and a component of the b vitamins thiamin and biotin o Part of the amino acids methionine and cysteine sulfur helps stabilize the the d shapes of proteins in the body o Assists in the detoxification of alcohol and various drugs o Maintain acid base balance o Obtain ample sulfur from protein containing foods
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