Sociology Exam One INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Development of Sociology Europe late 1800s 19th century France political and industrial revolution o When o Where o Context increase in individualism o Social social caste o What o Ideas philosophies Enlightenment philosophy Rationalism Nature natural law Science Evolution Monarchists o Who Comte positive philosophy America o When o Where o Context late 1800s approximately 1893 north east Chicago Civil war industrial urban context Increase in industrial urban Decrease in traditional rural o What Social class o Ideas philosophies Enlightenment philosophy Science evolution pragmatism Rural clergy o Who American social science Search for Enlightenment basis of social order Unity in context of modern industrial society Sociology involves the scientific study of the modern industrial society and its major social problems Comte sociology s founder Social forces o A social force is anything within a society that has the capability to bring about change or encourage someone to bring about or cause change Social force Any effective urge or impulse that leads to social action o Specifically a social force is a consensus on the part of a sufficient number of the members of society to bring about social action or social change of some sort In the plural the social forces are the typical basic drives or motives which lead to the fundamental types of association and group relationship Social individual Sociological Perspectives Order View o What is society Social system Functional Organism system o Level Macro external o What social problems Decrease social control o Solutions Increase social control o Ideology Conservative order through structure Conflict View o What is society Power system Functional for elite Conflict ridden o Level Macro external o What social problems Interactionist View Increase stratification o Solutions Decrease stratification o Ideology Radical order through power Interaction and socialization o What is society o Level Micro internal o What social problems Increase deviant socialization o Solutions Increase positive socialization o Ideology Liberal order based on individual reason Sociology as Profession Europe o Founded as positive philosophy o Part of Academic environment USA o Trained in Europe o Part of academic environment o 1905 American Sociology Society was founded Academics Applied Sociology o Sociology became increasingly professionalized o Became spread nationally and regionally Sociology theory sociology methods sociology statistics Major institutions Core areas o Social psychology o Social problems o Social change Methodological Problems Inequality stratification and minorities Deviance social and criminal o participant and non participant Social surveys Observation o attitudinal surveys Experiments o matching control Secondary data analysis o available data Quantitative statistical vs Qualitative quality research The science of society o Founder Frenchman Auguste Comte o Comte sought to establish sociology as a science free of religious arguments about society and human nature using Enlightenment s emphasis on positivism o Comte was convinced that using scientific principles sociologists could solve social problems such as poverty crime and war Limits of Sociological Research o Subject matter Complexity Dynamic Limited samples and data o Researchers Attitudes Objectification Ideology researcher s background motives interests and hidden agenda Bias subjectivity Ethnocentrism developed by Sumner Cultural relativism o Methodological limits Ethics of doing human research Matching limits Dominant mentalities Complexity of experiments Sample limits Fraud SOCIAL STRUCTURE AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL Major Sociological Assumptions Group Context Human thought o Group based need fulfillment o Highly symbolic and abstract o Complex varied behavior o Not totally driven by instincts o Diverse cultures societies The Social Self Socialization Interaction types of interaction Primary socialization o Interaction with significant other mom o Personal o Positive o Accepting o Where you express the I part of yourself o Learning acceptable physical need fulfillment o Role play that is gender based toys Secondary socialization o involves interactions with generalized other Social self I am what I think others think of me Assimilation of external social interaction as basis of mind and individual self looking glass self Cooley s concept of the importance of how other people influence the way we see ourselves o Where you express They o Less personal o Play games involve all the elements of group structure o Learning appropriate emotional behavioral intellectual material need fulfillment Mead s theory of socialization o The social conception of the self entails that individual selves are the products of social interaction and not the logical or biological preconditions of that interaction It is not initially there at birth but arises in the process of social experience and activity o Stages Language Play Game o Importance Language allows individuals to take on the role of the other and allows people to respond to his or her own gestures in terms of the symbolized attitudes of others During play individuals take on the roles of other people and pretend to be those other people in order to express the expectations of significant others This process of role playing is key to the generation of self consciousness and to the general development of the self Norms Sanctions Rules of behavior Folkways Informal habits traditions and rituals Mores vital to group welfare Norms are reinforces through sanctions o Positive sanctions Rewards Formal Material Physical Internal Conscience o Negative sanctions Punishment Informal Social Social emotional External o Ethnocentrism Roles Role group defined task which is a specific type of need fulfillment Roles become part of the me Reciprocal Norms define roles Hierarchical resources power authority inequality Role dimensions o Formal role definitions o Role prescriptions o Role expectations Informal role definitions Group members o Everyday role behavior Groups role networks o Sets of interrelated roles Individuals role sets o Occupy number of roles simultaneously o Part of me o Comprise both primary and secondary roles Primary family Secondary empirical o Role conflict Tragedy Drama Role models o Part of socialization o Primary and secondary Ascribed o Fixed o Inherent o Limits o Social origins o Class o
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