Chapter 5 Erving Goffman p 98 91 etc did the most to create a new field of study called microsociology or social interaction Microsociology p 98 everyday human interactions on a small scale Social interaction p 98 any relationship of two or more individuals Civil inattention p 93 acknowledgment of stranger in our environment Nonverbal communication p 94 face gestures and emotion body gestures or postures are cultural Roles p 91 a set of connected behaviors rights obligations beliefs and norms Status p 91 social standing Social position p 91 the position of an individual in a given society and culture Impression management p 91 goal directed conscious or unconscious processing which people attempt to influence Unfocused interaction p 95 interaction occurring among people present in the same setting but where they are not engaged in direct face to face communication Focused interaction p 95 expressions people give or give off Encounter p 96 unexpected or casual meeting with someone or something Audience segregation p 92 the ability to present different performances to different audiences in order to maintain different relationships Regionalization p 97 time space dimension of social interaction Ethnomethodology p 99 Harold garfinkel study of how people make sense of what others day and do in the course of daily social interaction Verbal search procedures used to break down social interaction and reveal the taken for granted Conversation analysis p 101 approach to the study of natural conversation Interactional vandalism p 102 when a person of lower status breaks Ru es pf everyday social interaction that are of value to the more powerful Zones of personal space p 99 intimate personal social public Chapter 8 Social stratification characteristics of stratification systems p 163 etc How individuals and social groups are divided in society and the inequalities of wealth and power that result Structured inequalities p 163 social inequalities that result from patterns in the social structure Slavery p 163 a form of social stratification in which some people are literally owned by others as their property Total subjection of individual to the interests of their owners Caste systems p 163 social system in which ones social status is given for life Social life is segregated Intimate relationships are restricted to members of one own caste Class p 163 a large group of people WH hold similar material prosperity and power Class divisions based on basic differences in income wealth education and occupation pp 164 166 Income payment usually derived form wages salaries or investments Unequal distribution of income among class groups Wealth the assets that an individual owns such as cash savings and checking accounts and investments in stocks bonds and real estate Unequal distribution across class groups Racial divisions persist Education college education predicts occupation income nd wealth later in life Racial differences persist Occupation affected by education Affects income and wealth Class and lifestyle differences pp 166 169 economic capital and cultural capital Marx s analysis of class p 169 class is based on relationship to the means of production How production of material gods in carried on in a society including technology and social relations between producers Capitalists people who own companies land or stocks and use them to generate economic returns Working class people who sell their labor to capitalists and generate surplus value Weber s analysis of class p 169 besides relationships to the means of production class divisions depends on skills credentials and social status Pariah groups prevented from opportunities groups who suffer from negative status discrimination The upper class p 172 broadly composed of the more affluent members of society especially those who have inherited wealth own businesses and hold large numbers of stocks shares Upper and lower middle class p 173 composed broadly of those working in white collar and lower managerial occupations Occupational prestige income and wealth split middle and lower middle classes The working class p 174 broadly composed of people working in blue collar or manual labor occupations The lower class p 174 composed of people who work part time or not at all and whose annual household income is typically below 20 000 The underclass p 174 individuals situated at the bottom of the class system often composed of people in the highest poverty neighborhoods of the inner city Social mobility p 175 movement of individuals or groups in social position Changing from low class to middle class etc Intergenerational mobility p 175 social movement within or between social classes change occurring from one generation to the next Intrargenerational mobility p 175 occurring within an individuals lifetime Absolute vs relative poverty pp 177 8 Absolute the minimal requirements necessary to sustain a healthy existence Relative poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society Poverty line p 179 an official government measure that defines those living in poverty in the untied states In 2011 22 350 annually was the poverty income for a family of four The working poor p 220 people who work but whose earnings are not enough to lift them above the poverty line In 201 minimum wage was 7 25 for full time annual income of 14 500 Only 5 percent of low income families that work full time full year qualify for welfare The feminization of poverty p 180 an increase in the proportion of the poor who are female Growing numbers of women who are single mothers divorced or separated Chapter 9 Globalization p 192 the increased economic political and social interconnectedness of the world Global inequality p 193 the systematic differences in wealth and power between countries High middle and low income countries pp 193 194 High income highly industrialized 14 2 percent of the world s population 66 percent of the world s total income Middle income countries diverse group Varying levels of industrialization 71 7 percent of the world s population 31 per cent of the world s total income Low income countries diverse group Mostly agricultural in early phase of industrialization 12 percent of the world s population 7 percent of the world s total income High population growth Theories of global inequality Market oriented theories p 196 argue that the best possible economic consequences will result if individuals are free to make their own
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