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Sociology Exam One INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Development of Sociology Europe late 1800s 19th century France political and industrial revolution o When o Where o Context increase in individualism o Social social caste o What o Ideas philosophies Enlightenment philosophy Rationalism Nature natural law Science Evolution Monarchists o Who Comte positive philosophy America o When o Where o Context late 1800s approximately 1893 north east Chicago Civil war industrial urban context Increase in industrial urban Decrease in traditional rural o What Social class o Ideas philosophies Enlightenment philosophy Science evolution pragmatism Rural clergy o Who American social science Search for Enlightenment basis of social order Unity in context of modern industrial society Sociology involves the scientific study of the modern industrial society and its major social problems Comte sociology s founder Social forces o A social force is anything within a society that has the capability to bring about change or encourage someone to bring about or cause change Social force Any effective urge or impulse that leads to social action o Specifically a social force is a consensus on the part of a sufficient number of the members of society to bring about social action or social change of some sort In the plural the social forces are the typical basic drives or motives which lead to the fundamental types of association and group relationship Social individual Sociological Perspectives Order View o What is society Social system Functional adaptive Organism system o Level Macro external o What social problems Decrease social control blame individual o Solutions Increase social control rehabilitation o Ideology Conservative order through structure Conflict View o What is society Power arrangement Functional for elite Conflict ridden o Level Macro external o What social problems Increase stratification types of inequality o Solutions Decrease stratification o Ideology Radical order through power Interactionist View Interaction and socialization o What is society o Level Micro internal o What social problems Increase deviant negative socialization o Solutions Increase positive socialization resocialize o Ideology Liberal order based on individual reason Sociology as Profession Europe o Founded as positive philosophy o Part of Academic environment USA o Trained in Europe o Part of academic environment o 1905 American Sociology Society was founded Academics Applied Sociology o Sociology became increasingly professionalized o Became spread nationally and regionally Sociology theory sociology methods sociology statistics Major institutions Core areas o Social psychology o Social problems o Social change Methodological Problems Inequality stratification and minorities Deviance social and criminal o participant and non participant Social surveys Observation o attitudinal surveys Experiments o matching control Secondary data analysis o available data Quantitative statistical vs Qualitative quality research The science of society o Founder Frenchman Auguste Comte o Comte sought to establish sociology as a science free of religious arguments about society and human nature using Enlightenment s emphasis on positivism o Comte was convinced that using scientific principles sociologists could solve social problems such as poverty crime and war Limits of Sociological Research o Subject matter Complexity Dynamic Ideology researcher s background motives interests and hidden agenda Bias subjectivity Ethnocentrism developed by Sumner the bad thing about this is it dehumanize the group Limited samples and data o Researchers Attitudes Objectification Cultural relativism o Methodological limits Ethics of doing human research Matching problems experiments Dominant mentalities Complexity of experiments Sample limits Fraud political social academic SOCIAL STRUCTURE AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL Major Sociological Assumptions Group Context o Group based need fulfillment Human thought language communication o Human behavior involves thought ideas o Not totally driven by instincts o Diverse cultures societies The Social Self Social self I am what I think others think of me o I UNIQUE SPONTANEOUS o ME GROUP IMGE OF YOURSELF o OTHERS PEOPLE REFER TO INTERACT WITH PERSONAL GROUPS OTHERS GENERALIZED SIGNIFIGANT OTHER Assimilation of external social interaction as basis of mind and individual self looking glass self Cooley s concept of the importance of how other people influence the way we see ourselves Socialization Learn Norms Develop change Social self Interaction types of interaction Various Stages Primary socialization Baby hood o Interaction with significant other mom o Personal o Positive o Accepting o Where you express the I part of yourself o Learning acceptable physical need fulfillment o Role play that is gender based toys Secondary socialization o involves interactions with generalized other o Where you express They o Less personal o Play games involve all the elements of group structure o Learning appropriate emotional behavioral intellectual material need fulfillment Mead s theory of socialization o The social conception of the self entails that individual selves are the products of social interaction and not the logical or biological preconditions of that interaction It is not initially there at birth but arises in the process of social experience and activity o Stages Language age 2 able to react to themselves as others would react to them Play age 4 7 play stage children pretend to be in a bariety of adult roles Game age 8 game stage children play games with rigid rules ex baseball o Importance Language allows individuals to take on the role of the other and allows people to respond to his or her own gestures in terms of the symbolized attitudes of others During play individuals take on the roles of other people and pretend to be those other people in order to express the expectations of significant others This process of role playing is key to the generation of self consciousness and to the general development of the self group rules of appropriate behavior Norms Rules of behavior Types of Norms o Folkways Informal habits traditions and rituals o Mores vital to group welfare more important Sanctions Control Norms are reinforces through sanctions punishment for deviance nonconformity a k a Social o Positive sanctions Rewards Formal Material Physical Internal Conscience o Negative sanctions Punishment Informal Social Social


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FSU SYG 1000 - INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY

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