01 06 2013 19 39 00 SYG 1000 02 05 Midterm Study Guide The following concepts may appear on the first exam I encourage you to define each concept think about relationships between concepts and try to apply each concept to a real world example What is Sociology The systematic study of society repeating patterns of society the main goal of a sociologist is to understand social situations and to look for we observe society using scientific methods that are prescribed by theories we examine the group not the individual Scope of Sociology Individual and Society Social Institution Group and Group Life Culture Crime Social Problems Social Stratification Social Change Social Location A person s place in society Defined by race gender class religion sexuality Importance of Sociology For the individual For Society solutions At the Global Level o To realize that individuals are never alone o Understand social realities values assess social problems and their o Understand social differences and try to understand that mechanisms that contribute to a peaceful existence The Sociological Imagination C Wright Mills The awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society and which awareness allows use to comprehend the links between immediate personal settings and the remote impersonal social world that surrounds us Karl Marx Major figure in the founding of sociology Emile Durkheim Social Integration society is held together by solidarity Division of labor o Mechanical Solidarity traditional societies shared common culture and sense of morality o Organic Solidarity modern societies with division and labor and diverse interests people are interdependent Max Weber Three components of inequality Economic class position social status political power Interrelated top of one bottom of other Three Dominant Perspectives Conflict Functionalism Interactionism Functional Persp of Soci conflict theory of socialization symbolic interaction perspective What motivates social research Personal Policy academic Link Between Theory and Data Research Question Correlation A relationship where 2 or more variables change together 3 criteria of causation temporal order one has to occur prior to the other association aka correlation Hypothesis an educated guess Qualitative data Observation concerned with deriving meaning o Inductive reasoning general Specific non spuriousness no other variable can explain the observed relationship Quantitative data Stats to understand patterns in which the behavior attitudes or traits can be translated in numerical values o Deductive reasoning specific general Inductive versus deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning also known as induction or informally bottom up logic 1 is a kind of reasoning that constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific examples Inductive reasoning contrasts with deductive reasoning in which specific examples are derived from general propositions Reliability consistency with which the same measure produces similar results time Validity degree to which a measure is accurate and really measures what it claims to after time measure Surveys self administered face to face telephone Attitudes behaviors self reports characteristics demographics Fieldwork participant observation non participant observation Content Analysis Experiments lab based experiments and natural or field experiments Ascribed status Position you re born into Position within social structure born into o Sex race ethnicity Achieved status Status you earn Position occupied within that social structure o Parent student nurse criminal Master status Identify yourself above all others When you go to a party how you think about yourself Roles Expectations of a given status o i e prison guard vs prisoner Role Strain Given status that comes with expectations that seem to be at odd with one another Role Conflict When a person has two or more roles to fulfill and the expectations of those roles seem at odds with one another What is socialization Process by which we learn the ways of society Consequences of Socialization Established self concepts Creates the capacity for role taking Creates the tendency for people to act in socially appropriate ways Makes people bearers of culture The Self Experience of a distinct real personal identity that is separate and different from all others The Development of the Self Sigmund freud o Id biological drives instinct achieve pleasure avoid pain o Ego part that deals wit real word reason o Superego the conscious and the ego ideal o Psycho sexual stages of develpment Mead and the development of the self how you react dress etc accordingly Generalized other o i e as children we learn by interacting with others o subject I object me Imitation until 3 we can only mimic Play 3 6 pretend to take role Team Games organized play and team games Ideas how in development we come up how our behavior is evaluated by others and The looking glass self Charles Cooley the self develops through our perception of other s evaluation and appraisals of us o Imagine how we look to others o We imagine t other peoples judgments of us o We experience a feeling of ourselves based on perceptions of other people s judgments o i e flirting and evaluation their pos neg reactions towards it Erving Goffman and the Self Impression of management Dramaturgy we are on a stage Impression management o Effort to control others perceptions of us o Use of self presentation and performance tactics o Dramaturgy o Social life is analyzed in terms of theatrical performance o Front stage back stage cooling the mark out School Agents of Socialization The family single MOST SIGNIFICANT o Kohn working class vs middle class parents o Hidden Curriculum latent function of schooling Cultural message we teach our children Peer groups more important than the parents during the teenage years The media o Teaches social norms o Reinforces norm from birth to death o i e Disney barney dora Adult Socialization Socialization never stops o Resocialization replacing previously learned norms and values with diff ones o Total institutions prisons cults and mental hospitals Take away your sense of identity stripped Theoretical perspectives of socialization functionalist conflict symbolic interactionist Perspectives Functional Persp of Soci conflict theory of socialization symbolic interaction perspective What is a group A collection of people who share some attribute identify with one
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