Alternatives to Bureaucracies• Humanize organization: workers are given a say so in the policy making• Japanese Model• Address gender issues (promotion of women in accordance to skills)o Connection to socialization Gender taught by family, schools, and economic institutions• Employment distinctions are made by genderMcDonaldization: Exaggeration of Bureaucracies• Fast food companies are exampleso Detailed management :1. Efficiency2. Calculability – quantification of production elements3. Predictability – standard production4. Control – monitoring of workers and customers• A way to evaluate the consistency of a modelo No matter where you go everything is the same• Train customers and workers (both know exactly what to expect)• Serve the most amount of people with the least amount of resourceso Ex. Frequently asked questions on University websites• Standardized procedures, predictability is high o Ex. Entertainment (all amusement parks are the same-expectations are upheld)o Automated phone systems• The Goal is to control you• All groups go through Mcdonaldization except familieso Not concerned with efficiency (parents say the same things over and over)o Predictability- families only have goals for their members but can’t guarantee behaviorso Parents want to control children but can’t o Has been able to escape tendencies toward bureaucracy like other organizations Families• Social institution: a combinations of social patterns of behaviors and practices to fulfill a basic need• Family ‘s goal is to survive by having children• Families are universal (found in all around the world and in every society)• Families as a Primary Group: families are emotional ties and intense and prolonged interactions• In charge of raising and bearing children: unit of several members that have common identity, norms, and have a distinct status• Family is the unit of society that tell people who they can have sex with (regulates sexual conduct) • Children belong to a couple • In some cultures children belong to the community (Children belong to Native American tribes)• Families are the unit that cares for children (economically, morally, and emotionally)• Families have very strict expectations that depend on hierarchy and statuso Hierarchy with in the family:there limitations on children rights because they are physically and mentally limitedo Family is the last place to find equality• Family dynamics teach conformity (consequences of violating the rules)• In families children learn manners• A family unito 2 or more people o Related by blood adoption or marriageo Live in the same placeo Care for each other o Official definition by the US government- proven by documents Conjugal: legal marriage (Marriage certificate) Same sex marriage• Question of equality not morality• Gays want the same rights that are afforded to heterosexual couples (health care and tax benefits are examples) • Everyone is born into a small group (family of orientation)o Family orientation Guide you through first years of life Socialization And teaches norms• As you get older become independence for parents (Erikson)o Loose independence by committing yourself to someone else through marriageo Test waters through cohabitations (not recognized by US government because doesn’t have document to legalize the commitment) Don’t share common identity • Family of procreationo One you createo Is a groups because it has a common identityo Can start by having children first instead of marriage coming first• Single parent families and cohabitation are dyads so they are less stable• Nuclear family (parents and offspring)o The more people brought into the family the dynamics of the family changes • Divorceo Tend to remarry (Americans love to be in groups)• Blended Family (step family)o Result of divorce and remarriage• Extended family (most common type of family world wide)o Beyond the nuclearo A family group consisting of more than two generations of the same kinship line living either within the same household or, more usually in the west, very close to one another. • Nuclear family most common in the U.S.o But different economic organizations contribute to the presence of extended parents• Primary groups of the family have different formso Dynamics change as family change (different size of groups) Conformity Responsibility Obedience• The presence of different forms of family changes by change race, age, religion, culture time religion• Family socialization is not the same for everyone• 67-72 % of families at nuclear at some point o Families are flexible• Traditional familyo Parents stay togethero Men: breadwinner mom: care for family in the homeo Picture not everyone’s reality Only a particular social class, ethnic group experienced this form of family (not the majority) o Most common form of family across time and space are polygamous families(multiple wives)• Single Parento Usually Headed by females the law looks at women as having an innate characteristic to raise children• Type of family varies in accordance to race, education, and economic conditionso Liberal (Blue States) Equality between men and women Postpone marriage because it's for personal fulfillment not economic needo Conservative (Red States) Life cycle is standard (marriage, sex, then children) Moral version of the family Stricter view of family but have higher divorce rates, non marital children, and violenceAttitudes and behavior often have nothing to do with each other• Family authorityo From the fathero Gives identity to everyoneo Patriarchy is universal• Residenceo Move awayo Patrilocal: married couple lives near or with the husband’s familyo Matrilocal: married couple lives near or with the wife’s familyo Neolocal: separates from both families (common in the US)• Marriageo In the US: people can only have one partner at a time (monogamy)o Serial monogamy (individuals engage in sequential monogamous pairings) because of divorceo People marry those who share the same characteristic (endogamy-marry within the same group) Same goals, experiences, ethnicity Have to have something in commono Exogamy: marrying those who are different Not the majority but happens as business arrangement (marriages in monarchies) o Family has variation and different dynamics Variations in family patterns• Flexibility• As a
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