Florida State University Soiology Department SYG 1000 Introduction to Sociology Dr Gloria T Lessan Spring 2012 Study Guide Questions 2 CAVEAT The following questions are a guide to help you study the material for the 2nd Midterm exam It is not a contract that defines the exam 1 Define socialization Briefly summarize the contributions to our understanding of socialization advanced by Freud Piaget Kohlberg Gilligan G H Mead Charles H Cooley and Erik Erikson Socialization the social process through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self significant in infancy and childhood but continue throughout life Freud s Model of Personality Freud s perspective combined both basic needs and the influence of society into a model of personality Personality is comprised of three parts Rooted in biology Represents the human being s basic needs unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction Represents the conscious attempt to balance innate pleasure seeking drives of the human organism and the demands of society Mediates conflict between the id innate drives and the superego cultural norms and o Id o Ego beliefs o Superego Internalization of a culture s values and norms within the individual Defines an individual s moral limits Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development Cognition the way children learn to think about themselves and their environment Children are active in making sense of their world o Select and interpret pieces of their environment Stages of cognitive development obtain new skills and must successfully complete the previous to begin the next o Sensorimotor Stage Children s awareness of environment is through perception and touch Learn that environment has distinct and stable properties o Preoperational Stage 2 7 years old Children master basic modes of logical thought Learn language and learn to use other symbols Egocentric interpret world only in terms of their own position Lack the understanding of conservation of amounts o Concrete Operational Stage 7 11 years old Master abstract and logical thought o Formal Operational Stage Can handle abstract concepts and hypotheticals Everyone does not reach this stage must go to school to do so Kohlberg s Theory of Moral Development Built on Piaget s work to study moral reasoning which is how individuals judge situations as right or wrong 3 Stages Preconventional young children rightness amounts to what feels good to me Conventional teenagers lose some selfishness and learn to define right and wrong in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms Postconventional people move beyond society s norms to consider abstract ethical principles Gilligan s Theory Women judge themselves on the quality of their relationships and their ability to care for others o Morality centers around helping others o Women are more tentative in moral judgments because the contradiction that may exist between following a strict more code and helping others Men see individual achievement as the only form of success thus devalue the attributes of women o Morality centers around abstract ideas of duty justice and freedom G H Mead and the Development of Self Symbolic interaction interactions between humans occur through symbols and interpretation of meanings Emergence of the Self o Children become social beings by imitating the actions of others Especially through play Play evolves to acting out adult roles or taking the role of the other Through this children develop a sense of self or an understanding of themselves as separate agents and see themselves through the eyes of others o We achieve self awareness by distinguishing the me from the I I unsocialized all wants and desires Me social self identity conferred by the reactions of others Self consciousness awareness of one s direct social identity as a person separate from others o Language is an important part of this o Generalized other Individual internalized the general values of a group Learned through organized games because children must understand rules fairness and equal participation Charles H Cooley and Looking Glass Self Language and gestures are social used to communicate Looking glass self the eyes of the people you interact with are your mirror o Imagine ourselves in others interpret others reactions and develop a self concept o Tells you who you are you see yourself in the eyes of others without others you don t know o Accommodate to what we see if we see admiration in the eyes of others we continue that who you are behavior Erik Erikson Conflict between individual and society is never solved and appears in different ways throughout life As you get older you experience different dilemmas 8 o ex Sacrifice freedom for children The longer we live the more difficulties we have Must face these dilemma and have an answer in order to have a fulfilling life If you don t solve these dilemma then you have personal baggage because of socialization imbalances uncertainty grumpy Personality effects how you deal with dilemmas 2 The above views on socialization sometimes overlap and sometimes oppose the main argument of another theory Thus elaborate on the areas of similarity and difference among the theories Most prominent theories about child development emphasize different aspects of socialization Freud and Erikson Both are models of personality development Both believed personality developed in stages Freud focused on inborn drives Erikson offers a broader view of socialization suggesting that personality continues to change throughout life His eight stages begin in infancy and end in old age Mead and Cooley Both addressed the development of the self Cooley s looking glass self results from how we present ourselves to others and how others evaluate us Mead argued that there are two core components of the self I and Me and three stages of development of the self Gilligan Freud Piaget Kohlberg and Gilligan Piaget forced on cognitive development and moral development Kohlberg based on Piaget and Gilligan addressed Kohlberg focused on the development of morality Piaget and Kohlberg also believed in stages o Piaget 2 stages move from morals dictated to them by authorities to self based morality o Kohlberg 3 stages having to do with rules and consequences is more detailed than Piaget s stages o Women and men differ in their conceptions of moral reasoning o Men s morality is based on abstract ideas like justice Kohlberg called this
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