1 Chapter Five SYG1000 Exam Two Review a Socialization The process that teaches the norms values and other aspects of a culture to new group members i Primary Socialization Socialization that occurs during childhood ii Secondary Socialization is the dynamic whereby socialization continues throughout our lives b Nature vs Nurture i Nature Theory states that the genes that we get from our parents at conception are the primary cases of human behaviors ii Nurture Theory States that our environment influences the way we think feel and behave iii Avoid extreme thoughts on nature and nurture a mix is always good iv Feral Child are wild and may be locked away and don t get human attention c Looking glass self The theory that self develops through a process of reflection like a mirror i Charles Cooley One of the central theorists of the development of the self He believed it was through a process of reflection He said it took three steps 1 We imagine how our behaviors will look to others 2 We interpret others reactions to our behavior 3 We develop a self concept d The I and the Me i George Herbert Mead He thought that the self is the part of personal identity that has both self awareness and self image He also believed that the development of the self involved reactions with others ii I Self the subjective part of the self iii Me Self the objective part of the self iv Three Stages 1 Imitation Stage this is Meads first stage of development which is the period from birth to about age 2 and is the stage in which children merely copy the behaviors of those around them 2 Play Stage this is Meads second stage of development which occurs around the ages of 2 4 years during which children play roles and begin to take on the characteristics of important people in their world 3 Game Stage this is Meads third stage of development that never truly ends and us the stage in which we begin to understand that other have expectations and demands placed upon them a Generalized other is our sense of others e Eight Stages of Development i Erik Erikson He proposed that humans develop a personality in 8 psychological or psychosocial and social stages and during each stage we experience a particular psychosocial crisis that will be resolved either positively or negatively and each outcome will have an effect on our ability to deal with the next one 1 Trust vs mistrust birth 1 year 2 Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt 2 3 years 3 Initiative vs Guilt 4 5 years 4 Industry vs Inferiority 6 puberty 5 Identity vs Role Confusion teen 20s 6 Intimacy vs Isolation 20s early 40s 7 Generativity vs Stagnation 40s early 60s 8 Integrity vs Despair late 60s early 80s f Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget Focused on a persons ability to think and reason i ii Sensorimotor Stage The stage birth 2years at which infants learn to experience and think about the world through their senses and motor skills iii Properational Stage is the stage ages 2 7 years at which the ability to speak grows rapidly iv Concrete Operational Stage is the stage ages 7 12 years at which children can think about objects in the world in more than one way and start to understand casual connections in their surroundings v Formal Operational Stage is the stage ages 12 and above at which people become able to comprehend abstract thought g Theory of Moral Development i Lawrence Kohlberg suggested that moral reasoning occurs on three specific levels preconventional post conventional and conventional 1 Pre conventional Level is the first stage of moral development that lasts through the elementary school years at this level children make their moral judgments within a framework of hedonistic principles a Hedonism is seeking pleasure over pain 2 Conventional level This is the second stage of moral development that arises before puberty and uses the lens of norms and rules to determine what is right and wrong 3 Post conventional Level This is the third stage of Moral Development that refers to a morality based on abstract principles i Carol Gilligan She suggested that Kohlbergs theories were valid though only when discussing the development of male morality she thought his conclusions were based against women ii Men vs women men and women approach moral decisions differently iii Males morality of justices morality based on the rules of law iv Females morality of care morality decided by a standard of how best to help those who are in need h Morality of Care i Agents of Socialization The people and groups who shape our self concept beliefs and behavior i The family Two or more people who are related by blood marriage or adoption 1 Parenting Styles a Authoritative parenting style in which parents listen to their children s input while consistently enforcing the present rules b Permissive A parenting style in which parents provide high levels of support but an inconsistent enforcement of rules c Authoritarian Is a parenting style in which children high levels of social control but low levels of emotional support 2 Social Class A group with similar access to power wealth and prestige 3 Resocialization The process of learning new norms values attitudes and behaviors and abandoning old ones a Total institutions Places in which the most efficient forms of resocialization can occur because they isolate people from outside influences so they can be reformed and controlled j Theoretical paradigms examples i Symbolic Interactionalism Resocialization ii Functionalism Education and hidden curriculum iii Conflict Theory Gender Socialization 2 Chapter Seven a Social Stratification The ranking of people and the rewards they receive based on an objective criteria often including wealth power and prestige i Income The money received through work or investments ii Wealth All of your material possessions including income Inequalities in income and Wealth i Poorest 20 of the country only earns 3 4 of the total income and the richest 20 b receives 50 of the total income ii 1 5th of American households have an income of lower than 20 thousand iii The top 1 of Americans control more wealth than the bottom 90 of Americans c Types of Poverty a short time employment i Transitional A temporary State of poverty that occurs when someone loses a job for ii Marginal Poverty A state of poverty that occurs when a person lacks stable iii Residual A chronic and multigenerational poverty iv Absolute A poverty so sever that one lacks resources to survive v Relative A state of poverty that occurs when
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