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EXAM 3 Gender first half of Chapter 10 Gender chapter 10 in the textbook Sections 10 1 through 10 4 biological characteristics that distinguish females and males consisting of primary Sex 10 1 and secondary sex characteristics o Primary sex characteristics o Secondary sex characteristics directly connected with reproduction vagina penis other organs of reproduction physical distinctions between males and females not Ex males have larger muscles lower voices more body hair taller while females have breasts and broader hips Social the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and Gender females masculinity or femininity Gender varies from one culture to another Gender differences in behavior biology or culture The sociological significance of gender is that it is a device by which society controls its members o Biology is important because it determines our SEX culture are the reasons people do what they do according to sociology o Social reasons o If biology were the main reason for gender differences why does gender differ across Biology is becoming more accepted among sociologists due to examples such as o A medical accident occurred in Vietnam where a baby s penis was accidentally burned cultures off o The parents decided to let doctors construct a vagina for the young baby whose penis was cut off and change the boy s name to a girl name and have her continue to live the rest of her life as a girl o Seemed to work at first but by the time of puberty she was not accepting femininity She acted more masculine liked to do things her father did and was even expelled from school for fighting o She became on the brink of suicide so her parents told her what had happened at birth Brenda then changed back to a male David o Later married a woman but committed suicide Another example of biology showing to be important was through o A study on Vietnam veterans where they collected measurements of testosterone o People with higher levels of testosterone tend to be more aggressive more violent and more likely to have committed sex crimes and other violent crimes o Study concluded that Veterans with higher testosterone were more likely to get in fights and be delinquents as young boys As adults high testosterone levels led to lower status jobs more sexual partners use hard drugs and get in fights SOCIAL CLASS to have that behavior than men of higher social classes high testosterone men with lower social class were more likely Testosterone will increase dominance in BOTH men and women Dominance in turn will increase testosterone The traditional model Doing Gender o Strength and dominance determined through muscles competition maleness o Dominance allowed to show through emotions greater compassion submissive femaleness Reclaiming Gender o Men who have nurturing jobs spend more time at home doing manly things o Women who have authority jobs spend more time doing feminine things New Models of Gender o Men can be masculine but still show tenderness and emotions o Women are encouraged to be dominant tough femininity o Decrease of homophobia 10 2 Gender Inequality o Females are the minority group in most societies o Women are minority group because of patriarchy Patriarchy men as a group dominating women as a group authority is vested in males o Started in tribal days when men were the hunters and women were the gatherers and then took care of all of the child care Men became dominant through hunting trading having weapons Women were simply there were not risking their lives Violence against Women o Examples rape wife beating female infanticide prostitution female circumcision Muslim Africa Egypt Indonesia Girl s clitoris is cut off and sutured together Painfully done without anesthesia So that they remain a virgin until marriage or they think they can t have children without being circumcised fight against this to help give women their rights Feminists They begin teaching women in these circumcision areas about hygiene and health problems that come with circumcision Woman is killed by a male relative if she was thought to have brought o Honor Killings disgrace Sex outside marriage is main reason for this Removes the stain of the family Viewed as private family matters by the police 10 3 Feminism o The philosophy that men and women should be politically economically and socially equal organized activities on behalf of this principle o Opposed by males with prestige and women who liked their position as a woman as it was o Referred to as suffragists in the early 1900s o 1916 National Woman s Party o 1 First wave of the women s movement Radical branch Conservative branch in 1920 reform institutions of society goal was to win the vote of women won the right to vote o 2 Second wave of the women s movement Protest against gender inequalities 1960s 80s Attempted to get rid of women as male companions and mothers but gain equality in the workplace Goals included raising female wages changing policies on violence against women legalizing abortion o 3 Third wave of the women s movement Merge from second wave with many divisions 1990 3 main aspects 1 Greater focus on the problems of women in the least industrialized nations 2 Criticisms of the values that dominate work and society qualities need to include more cooperation connection openness 3 Emphasis on women s sexual pleasure Inequality in HEALTHCARE o Unintended sexual discrimination o Women taken less seriously than men for the same health problems by doctors o Situation should improve as more women are becoming doctors o These inequalities were discovered through surgery examples Physicians recommended total hysterectomies when NO cancer was present 90 of hysterectomies are unnecessary Greed is a motive because physicians make off of them Sell it by saying these sex organ are no longer needed after childrearing but you don t see physicians saying let s castrate your penis because it s no longer necessary Inequality in EDUCATION o 1800s men thought women s minds were dominated by their organs making them less qualified for education Menstruation didn t allow for women to do well in school o Today More women attend college than men 57 of bachelor s degrees are to women 60 of master s degrees are to women for men MAYBE because women are increasingly becoming Affirmative action more dominant within education some colleges consider men a minority group or provide extra programs for men o Gender Tracking when college degree


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FSU SYG 1000 - EXAM 3

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