Sociology Study Guide• Deviance = any violation of social norms society agrees upon• Crime = violation of norms that are written lawo Street crime = criminalo White collar crime = nonviolent usually for $o Consensus model = laws arise when an unwanted behavior is seeno Conflict model = powerful people write laws to protect their own interest while punishing those whose actions they wish to control • Punishment o Shaming = effort to attach a negative meaning to a behavior Stigmatized = permanent label to an offender • Can cause repeat offending Reintegrative = effort to bring offender back into society o Deterrence = stopping crime before it happens General = people won’t do the crime because they see the consequences Specific = measures change in attitude of individuals who committed a crime to scare them from doing it again (Jail)• Why do we have crime?o Positivist = we commit crimes for the outcome Money, revenge, the risk is worth the rewardo Classical = what is stopping us from committing crime o Theory of anomic = social instability stems from the social structure cause deviance o Conformist = accepts social goals and accepts the appropriate ways to achieve them Example married with kidso Innovators = accepts goals using non accepted ways to obtain them Kidnapping a kid o Ritualist = don’t accept the goals but follow the normso Retreatist = rejects goals and means to achieve them o Rebels = create own means to achieve goals o Differential association theory = criminal behavior is learned Labeling theory = people act like the labels you give them• Primary deviance = the first time offense• Secondary = psychological reorientation that occurs when the system catches a person and gives them a label Marriage and Family• Family = two or more people related by blood marriage or adoptiono Nuclear = husband wife childreno Extended = nuclear family plus anyone else• Marriage = union of two people o Monogamy = one wifeo Polygamy = multiple wives (illegal in USA) Polygyny = 2 or more wives Polyandry = 2 or more husbandso Blended family = contains half-brother/sister, step parents, etc..o In the USA Number of people married down Age never married up Interracial marriage up Kids living with married parents downo Homogamy = marriage between two people with similar backgroundso Endogamy = marriage with in social groupo Exogamy = marrying someone from a different social classo Stimulus – value – role theory Stimulus = attraction Value = similar characteristics Role = act out the role of a coupleo Commitment Personel = I want • Based on love Moral = I should• Based on attitude toward divorce Structural = I have to• There is no other alternative o Marital effects = factors that make marriage work out For example doing things that both of you enjoy or equal division of labor around the house• Divorce o 50% of all marriages do not end with divorce that number is skewed because it’s the same people getting divorcedo Reasons Residential mobility of nuclear family Ongoing redefinition of family and gender It’s easy to file for divorce Longevity It has become more social acceptable o Romantic love = till death do us apart Being replaced with deinstitutionalization = social norms of marriage are weako Confluent love = pure relationship It is only maintained when both partners want to stick around Education Religion • Hidden curriculum = lessons taught in school that are not related to academics o Ex: Sharing in preschool • Teacher expectancy = impact of teachers expectations on student performance • Grade inflation = trend of assigning higher grades than previously assigned grades to students who perform the same • Human capitol = a person’s knowledge, skill, and personnel attributes • Credentilism = emphasis on degree assessing skills and knowledge o Example: previous jobs didn’t require degree but know they do because a degree equals skill and knowledge • Religiono Theism = believe in god Monotheism = believe in one god Polytheism = believe in more than one godo Philiosophies of life = a way of life that focuses on a set of ethnic moral or philosophicle principles o Totemism = honoring a totem or object o Simple supernaturalism = supernatural forces influence life o Animism = spirits live in natural objects and operate the world• Top religions in the worldo Christianityo Islamico Non-religious• Religion in society o Sacred = things that are connected to god or religious purpose Ex: cross, bible, etc… o Profane = things that aren’t sacred o Rituals = established patterns of behavior associated to experience of the sacred Baptism = in holly
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