Sociology Final Study Guide Voluntary Organizations Around all institutions Political social and economic Provide primary environments Tied to ethnicity gender race More primary settings Support institutions Money Lobbying Recruitment of members Anticipatory socialization Types Goal oriented instrumental Social recreational Expressive Part of stratification Class race ethnicity and gender Form minority voluntary organizations Some voluntary organizations become social movements Social Movements Social movement organized reaction to perceived social change a problem Problems interests Money Normative Institutions Social movements Endemic Built into society Stages 1 Discontent perceived problem 2 Leader consciousness raising 3 Organization resources and stability 4 Types Institutionalized Institutions Political Economic Social Social Dynamics Change Types of Reactions 1 Resist Change Conservative belief in structure a Concern with tradition 1 Mores 2 Institutions 2 Advocate Change Radicals a Concern with power 1 Legitimacy 3 Reform status quo liberal movements moderate change a Concern with equality and ability of expression b c Concern with civil liberties Liberalism belief of order through individual reason i ACLU American Civil Liberties Union d Privacy Inner utopias General experiences MADD Mothers Against Drunk Driving Theories Order View Movements when conditions improve Changes expectations Increase people s consciousness of inequality Conflict View Movements when conditions worsen decline Crisis of legitimacy Interactionist View Movements when there is a significant decline in improving conditions General Conditions Iron law of oligarchy Needs Membership money Social stability Weapons and technology Deviance Changing and adapting norms overtime Dynamics of changing norms and sanctions Types Heresy Rise of witch craft If you break a folk way Embarrassment If you break a more More serious Criminal Theories Physiological Medical Metabolism Body types Biology Id Superego Psychological Sociological Learn it Built into society Anomie theory source of deviance Societal reaction Labeling Theory Primary deviance initial deviance Societal reaction Limited reaction Individual reaction Accept label Some reaction Secondary Deviance Limitations As result or label Assigned to deviant roles subgroups Incarceration Part of deviant subculture with deviant social self Deviant career life long Ignores underestimates undetected deviance Does not explain individual reactions Does not address individual resources Ignores elite deviance Ignores individual responsibility Order Reinforces the norms and blames the individual group Inadequate socialization values Conflict Power elite Create implement mores Interactionist Deviant socialization identities subgroups Views Social Change Interaction between population and economic base and its roles and norms As society roles grow its economy changes leading to social change Reestablishment of equilibrium Views Conflict Power stratification economy Resource arrangements Housing outsourcing exporting production Interactionist Changing bureaucracy More specialized Culture Institutions are unique to every society Tied to our culture trough ethnocentrism Culture relativity Trying to understand other cultures Culture lag uneven change Cultural shock technology Medicine Population economic technology Social change Surrogate parenting Life after death Cultural swings cycles Government responsibility opportunity Individual responsibility achievement American culture Factors American values American culture 1 Geographical isolation and high resources 2 Based on revolutionary foundation 3 Religious heritage protestant ethic 1 Success largely through individual achievement 2 Competition 3 Hard work 4 Progress through growth 5 Material progress 6 Individual freedom Individualism Freedom Work Competition Responsibility Progress Growth Progress Technology Positive Creativity Success Success Identity Creative Achievement motivation Stess Failure Independence Achievement Stress Blame Negative extreme Disorder Confusion Stress Imbalance Survival Adaptation Invention Creativity Creative Inventions Unrealistic Unrealistic Pollution Unrealistic Change behavior Order Culture as integrating Unity Efficiency Conflict Interactionist Views Urban Culture as elite manipulation and false consciousness Cultural socialization and national mentality Urbanization Factors food surplus stable settlement Industrialization specialized division of labor Demographic Economic Foundation Population type Heterogeneous more dense dynamic Population density High Population growth High Economic specialization High Economic growth High Structuring of Environment High Type of Social Structure Organization Urban Role specialization High Social mobility High Social relations Secondary Social control Formal Group diversity High Group types Ecological Family type Nuclear Type of motives Individual Group relations Competitive Social problems High Ecological Theory Burgess Concentric Zone Theory of Urban Development More structured o Parks Frontier Notion Plantation agricultural mining urban tourist frontiers Recent Urban developments and problems Problems of intrastructure Book Chapter 18 Social Movements o Iron Law of Oligarchy states that all forms of organization regardless of how democratic they may be at the start will eventually and inevitably develop oligarchic tendencies thus making true democracy practically and theoretically impossible especially in large groups and complex organizations A collective attempt to promote or resist change Arise when people are sufficiently discontented that they will work for a better system o Social movements Inherently political Goal directed o Ideology Is a set of ideas that explains reality provides guidelines for behavior and expresses the interests of a group Many be elaborate Ex Christianity Marxism or capitalism Types of Social Movements o Resistance movements Explicitly organized either to resist change or it is reactionary in that it seeks to reverse changes that have already occurred and restore traditional values Conservative o Reform Movements Seek to alter a specific part of society Focus on a single issue such as women s rights gay rights or global warming Moderate o Revolutionary Movements Seeks radical changes Go beyond reform by seeking to replace the existing social institutions with new ones that conform to a radically different vision of
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