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Sociology Test 4 Study Guide CHAPTER 12 Family two or more people related either by birth or through social commitment who share resources care for any dependents and often maintain close emotional relationships Social Functions of Family Social stability Material aid Decent and inheritance Emotional support Care Socialization of Dependents Sexual Regulation Nuclear Family Consisting of a parent or parents and their children Extended Family Nuclear family plus some relatives ex grandparents Descent and inheritance patterns Bilateral pattern of descent in which every biological ancestor and descendant is a socially recognized relative everyone is a member of both his or her father s and mother s families Unilineal tracing kinship only through a single line of ancestors male or female o Patrilineal follows the male line people are related if they can trace descent through males to the same male ancestor o Matrilineal follows the female line people are related if they can trace descent through females to the same female ancestor Endogamy the restriction of marriage either by law or custom to people within the same social category Exogamy marriage between people from different social categories Trends in families today Marriage Cohabitation Increasing since the 1960 s more men than women Divorce peaked around 1980 and has slowly declined since o Effects on Family Intense emotional upset Resume normally development within 2 years Very few experience long term problems Falling Fertility Rates o Percentage of couple with children has decreased o Percentage of couples without children has increased Number of Parents per Household o Asian White Hispanic have more 2 parent households o African Americans have more 1 parent households Increased gay lesbian families same sex parents Profane the ordinary world of everyday life Sacred something extraordinary to be treated respectfully with reverence and awe Rituals symbolic actions typically performed at specified times that help evoke an emotional bond among participants Church a formal religious organization with broad mainstream acceptance Sect a small dissenting faction of a church that promotes new beliefs or practices Denomination in Christianity is a distinct religious body identified by traits such as a common name structure leadership and doctrine Cult small religious communities whose beliefs and practices are at odds with the dominant culture Spirituality is a broad concept with room for many perspectives In general it includes a sense of connection to something bigger than ourselves and it typically involves a search for meaning in life As such it is a universal human experience something that touches us all Religion a unified system of beliefs and ritual practices relating to the sacred that bond people into a moral community Liberation Theology Concentrates its efforts on liberating the people of the world from poverty and oppression Civil Religion Set of common beliefs ritual practices that bind people in predominantly secular society Secular Humanism A belief system that emphasizes morality decision making based on reason ethics and social justice rather than the supernatural or religious doctrine Most followed religion greatest to least Christianity Muslim Hindu Buddhist Folk Religion Judaism Others Fundamentalism a religious movement that advocates strict adherence to traditional principles in all aspects of social life usually based on literal interpretation of religions infallible sacred texts CHAPTER 13 Education the social institution through which individuals acquire knowledge and skills and learn cultural norms and values Mandatory Education Law requires all children to attend school until the age of 16 Schooling an organized instruction by trained teachers Hidden Curriculum the lessons students learn simply by attending school in contrast to the lessons from the formal subject specific curriculum For example social and behavioral norms Functions of schools Transfer of knowledge Job preparation Occupational sorting preparing kids for various jobs Childcare Social integration Change Innovation Socialization Social Reproduction Theory exploration of the ways that schools help to reproduce systems of inequality Schools with poorer or working class student bodies tend to stress obedience and authority preparing students for their eventual lower level jobs where obedience is essential Schools with middle upper class students stress innovation and creativity Social reproduction theorists argue that social and economic inequalities are built into schooling and the curriculum and result in unequal educational opportunities Credentialing the process whereby individuals with advanced educational degrees and formal certificates monopolize access to the most rewarding jobs Tracking placing students into different curricular paths intended to accommodate varying levels of academic work Cultural Capital various types of knowledge skills and other cultural resources School Organization Large schools Small schools o Typically bureaucratic o Organized along hierarchical lines with uniform curriculum o Typically communal o Emphasize flexibility and cooperative learning o High parental involvement Racial segregation the separation of students into exclusively white and exclusively black public schools Brown v Board of Education Racial segregation ruled unconstitutional by the U S Supreme Court in 1954 Trends in the American workplace 1900 2010 Farming has steadily decreased White collar jobs have steadily increased Blue collar jobs were slowly increasing until 1950 where they started decreasing Gender division of labor differences between men and women in access to jobs Limits women s access to top paying jobs Gender socialization leads women toward lower paying jobs Women are more likely to leave the workplace for childcare Gender wage gap Women only make 60 80 of men s earnings 2011 women made 77 mean s earnings Comparable worth concept involving a commitment to setting salaries for different job titles based on their value to an employer regardless of the typical gender of those working in such jobs Emotional labor jobs that require employees to manage their feelings and to display specific feelings to their customers or clients Types of Workplace Discrimination Allocative Hiring and promotion processes place women in lower paying jobs Valuative pay less to people in predominately female occupations and more to people in predominately


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FSU SYG 1000 - Sociology Test 4

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