Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology how dictionary defines sociology systematic study of society and social interaction society group of people whose members interact reside in a definable area and share a culture culture includes the group s shared practices values and beliefs Set of qualities within a society that make it unique sociological imagination ability to see a relationship between individual experiences and larger society able to examine what influences behavior attitudes and sociologists study societies and social interactions to develop theories about how BEHAVIOR is shaped by group like And how group life is AFFECTED by INDIVIDUALS father of sociology Ajuste Comte potivitism Karl Marx marx theory of society social classes influence of social wealth wealth of society shape the life chances of individuals health education women rights other issues sociology systematic study of society and social interaction social solidarity the social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship shared location and religion social facts the laws morals values religious beliefs customs fashions rituals and all of the cultural rules that govern social life quantitative sociology statistical methods such as s urveys with large numbers of participants MACRO LEVEL survey experimental secondary analysis qualitative sociology in depth interviews focus groups and or analysis of content sources asthe source of its data MICRO LEVEL descriptive interviews observation ethnology positivism the scientific study of social interactions paradigms philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories generalizations and the experiments performed in support of them micro level theories the study of specific relationships between individuals or small groups macro level theories a wide scale view of the role of social structures within a society manifest functions sought consequences of a social process latent functions the unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process grand theories attempts to explain large scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change function the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity functional theory a theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society MACRO LEVEL How society is linked figuration the process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of an individual and the societythat shapes that behavior dysfunctions social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society dynamic equilibrium a stable state in which all parts of a healthy society are working together properly dramaturgial analysis a technique sociologists use in which they view society through themetaphor of theatrical performance conflict theory a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources antipositivitism the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes cultural norms and societal values symbolic interactionilism theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication language and symbols MICRO LEVEL theory a posed explanation about social interactions and society social conflict approach MACRO LEVEL society is a system of social INEQUALITIES based on class gender and race Society operates to benefit some and harm some Social inequalities causes conflict which leads to social change core questions of a functionalist how is society held together what are the functions How are they linked core questions social conflict how does society divide pop according to class gender age race how do advantaged people protected privileges core questions symbolic interaction how do people experience society how do they shape their reality they experience How do behavior and meaning change from person to person Chapter 2 Sociological Research relationship between theory and research continuous cycle research the process of systematically collecting information for the purpose of testing an existing theory or generating a new one provides evidence to a theory OBJECTIVE observations theory provides insights often in the form of abstract ideas into the nature of individuals and society CANNOT be proven TRUE nor disproven independent variable causes changes in dependent variable ex amount of meds what you are changing dependent variable changed by other variables ex stress level measurable validity does it actually measure what its suppose to measure actually reflects study reliability can you replicate results a measure of a study s consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced conventional research model scientific method 1 select and define research problem2 review previous research3 formualte hypothesis4 develop research design 5 collect analyze data6 draw conclusions and report findings case study in depth study of a single event situation or individual code of ethics a set of guidelines that the American Sociological Association has established tofoster ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology 1 DO NO HARM 2 INFOREMED CONSENT3 VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION practical issues in research biased where is info coming from liable source informed consent milligrams experiments zimbardo studies content analysis applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand control group an experimental group that is not exposed to the independent variable empirical evidence evidence corroborated by direct experience and or observation ethnography observing a complete social setting and all that it entails experiment the testing of a hypothesis under given set of conditions field research gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey hawthorn effect when study subjects behave in a certain manner due to their awareness of being observed by a researcher hypothesis an educated guess with predicted outcomes about the relationship between two or more variables literature review scholarly research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to
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