Sociology Exam 3 Study Guide Chapter 13 interests they hold power the ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the authority government s legitimate use of power state a political apparatus ruling over a given territorial order whose authority is backed by law and the ability to use force nation states particular types of states in which governments have sovereign power within defined territorial areas and populations are citizens who know themselves to be part of single nations sovereignty the undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area o Failed states like Somalia or Sudan have lost authority and resort to deadly force to retain or regain power citizens members of a political community having both rights and duties associated with that membership nationalism a set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community o patriotism in the United States civil rights legal rights held by all citizens in a given national community political rights rights of political participation such as the right to vote in local and national elections held by citizens of a national community social rights rights of social and welfare provision held by all citizens in a national community including for example the right to claim unemployment benefits for its citizens welfare state a political system that provides a wide range of welfare benefits for its citizens democracy a political system that allows the citizens to participate in political decision making or to elect representatives to government bodies participatory direct democracy a system of democracy in which members of a group or community participate collectively in making major decisions constitutional monarchy o kings or queens are largely figureheads o real power resets in the hands of other political leaders o the United Kingdom Sweden and Japan liberal democracy systems of democracy based on parliamentary institutions coupled to the free market system in the area of economic production o The United States Japan most Western European countries Australia and New Zealand democracy in the U S o political parties an organization of individuals with broadly similar political aims oriented toward achieving legitimate control of government through an electoral process Two party systems winner take all elections Multiparty systems proportional representation o politics and voting decline in political party identification and strength Growing distrust of politics and government o interest groups group organized to pursue specific interests in the political arena operating primarily by lobbying the members of legislative bodies lobbying the act of persuading influential officials to vote in favor of a cause or otherwise lend support to the aims of the interest group the political participation of women when women run for office they do as well as men the challenge is to get women to run o Of 186 countries the U S ranks 78th in women s representation in parliament Chapter 14 work the activity by which people produce from the natural world and so ensure their survival o work should not be thought of exclusively as paid employment occupation any form of paid employment in which an individual regularly works economy the system of production and exchange that provides for the material needs of individuals living in a given society technology the application of knowledge of the material world to production the creation of material instruments such as machines used in human interaction with nature the characteristics of work o Money Necessary for survival o Activity level o Variety Acquire and use skills at work Work stands in contrast to domestic life o Structuring one s time Work gives rhythm to daily life o Social contacts New friends and social activities through work o Personal identity Work boosts self esteem the informal economy economic transactions carried on outside the sphere of orthodox paid employment o unpaid work nonmonetary exchanges of goods and services o off the books cash transactions for goods and services division of labor the specialization of work tasks by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system economic interdependence individuals depend on others to produce many or most of the goods they need to sustain their lives Taylorism a set of ideas also referred to as scientific management developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor involving simple coordinated operations in industry Fordism the system of production pioneered by Henry Ford in which the assembly line was introduced low trust system organizational or work setting in which people are allowed little responsibility or control over the work task high trust system organizational or work setting in which people are permitted a great deal of autonomy and control over the work task strikes a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees in order to express a grievance or enforce a demand labor unions an organization of wage earners that is set up to serve and advance its members interests in terms of wages benefits and working hours and conditions union density a statistic that represents the number of union members as a percentage of the number of people who could potentially be union members capitalism a way of organizing economic life that is distinguished by o private ownership of the means of production o profit as incentive o free competition for markets to sell acquire cheap materials and use cheap labor o restless expansion and investment to accumulate capital corporations business firms or companies entrepreneur the owner and or founder of a business firm monopoly A situation in which a single firm dominates a given industry oligopoly The domination of a small number of large firms in a given industry transnational corporations o business corporations located in two or more countries o in 2009 worldwide production of goods and services was 58 trillion o in 2009 500 largest transnational corporations produced 9 75 trillion in goods and services Chapter 15 family a group of individuals related to one another by blood ties marriage or adoption who form an economic unit the adult members of which are responsible for the upbringing of children kinship a relation that links individuals through blood ties marriage or adoption marriage a socially approved sexual relationship between two individuals nuclear family a family group consisting of a wife a husband or
View Full Document
Unlocking...