Chapter 4 I SYG1000 Exam 2 Study Guide process through which people learn the attitudes values and Socialization behaviors appropriate for members of their culture A Learn it from everyone we encounter family friends people on the street and it shapes our self images too fat or too thin B Heredity and environmental factors interact in influencing the socialization process C Microsociological perspective of socialization helps us discover how to behave properly and what to expect from others if we follow or challenge societal norms values D Macrosociological perspective socialization provides for the transmission of culture from one generation to the next and thereby for the long term continuance of society 1 Refers to a person s typical patterns of attitudes needs characteristics E Personality and behavior 2 Socialization experiences shape personality 3 Ex Nell secluded from birth to 6 years couldn t speak IQ of an infant took years to get her back to normal Conclusion human children need socialization in the form of love care and affection II Sociological Approaches to the Self A Self B emerges as we interact with others a distinct identity that sets us apart from others Cooley Looking Glass Self 1 Advanced the belief that we learn who we are by interacting with other 2 Looking glass self emphasizes that the self is the product of our social interactions 3 Developing self concept has three phases Imagine how we present ourselves to others Imagine how others evaluate us Develop some sort of feeling about ourselves as a result respect shame The self results from an individual s imagination of how others view him or her C Mead Stages of the Self 1 The Preparatory Stage Children imitate the people around them 2 The Play Stage Role taking Children begin to pretend to be other people and responding from the imagined viewpoint process of mentally assuming the perspective of another 3 The Game Stage Age 8 or 9 no longer just plays roles but begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously Generalized other expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his her own behavior refers to the attitudes viewpoints and D Mead Theory of Self Mead is best known for this 1 Self begins at a privileged central position and children picture themselves as the focus of everything as people mature the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about the reaction of others refers to those individuals who are most important in the development of the self 2 Significant others E Goffman Presentation of the Self 1 Associated with interactionist perspective 2 Many of our daily activities involve attempts to convey impressions of 3 4 Dramaturgical Approach refers to the altering of the presentation of the who we are Impression Management self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences are seen as theatrical performers ex clerk may try to appear busier than he actually is if a supervisor is watching image and avoid public embarrassment refers to the efforts people make to maintain the proper a view of social interaction inn which people 5 Face work Cooley stressed the process by which we created ourselves Mead focused on how the self develops as we learn to interact with others Goffman emphasized the ways in which we consciously create images of ourselves for others III Psychological Approaches to the Self A Freud 1 Like Cooley and Mead he believed that the self is a social product and that aspects of one s personality are influenced by other people 2 Unlike Cooley and Mead he suggested that the self has components that work in opposition to each other 3 Part of us seeks limitless pleasure while another part favors rational behavior B Jean Piaget 1 Researched newborn babies and found that they have no self in the sense of looking glass image however very self centered 2 Social interaction is the key to development 3 Cognitive theory of development children s though processes a Sensorimotor Stage use senses to make discoveries b Preoperational Stage use words and symbols to distinguish Four stages in the development of objects and ideas c Concrete Operational engage in more logical thinking ex when formless lump of clay is shaped into a snake it is still clay d Formal Operational adolescents become capable of sophisticated abstract though and can deal with ideas and values in a logical manner IV Socialization throughout the Life Course A Rites of Passage B Anticipatory Socialization 1 Means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person s status 2 3 Life course approach Egyptian mothers step over newborn baby 7 times Naval Academy graduates throw hats in the air Indicate that the process of socialization continues through all life cycles other social scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throughout their lives a research orientation in which sociologists and refers to processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions occupations and social relationships High school students deciding what college to attend Resocialization refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one s life Often occurs during an explicit effort to transform an individual therapy groups prisons religious conversion settings society that regulates all aspects of a person s life under a single authority such as a prison the military a mental hospital or a convent 1 Four common traits refers to an institution generally cut off from the rst of All aspects of life are conducted in the same place with a single D Total Institution C Activities are conducted in the company of others in the same authority circumstance Rules are devised without consulting participants All aspects of life within the total institution are designed to fulfill the purpose of the organization E Degradation Ceremony total institutions in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals an aspect of the socialization process within some 1 Most important agent of socialization 2 Gender Role refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior attitudes and activities of males and females Doesn t imply certain roles or that they re distinct from one another it implies that males females are not genetically predetermined to occupy certain roles Parents primary agents of socialization B School 1 Conflict theorists believe schools foster competition through built in systems of
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