EXAM 3 Chapter 13 power ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold Pervasive element in all human relationships Many conflicts in society are struggles over power because how much power an individual or group is able to achieve governs how far they are able to put their wishes into practice authority government s legitimate use of power state political apparatus government institutions plus civil service officials ruling over a given territorial order whose authority is backed by law and the ability to use force nation states particular types of states characteristic of modern world in which governments have sovereign power within defined territorial areas and populations are citizens who know themselves to be part of single nations sovereignty undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area failed states like Somalia or Sudan have lost authority and resort to deadly force to retain or regain power citizens members of a political community having both rights and duties associated with that membership nationalism set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community Patriotism civil rights legal rights held by all citizens in a given national community political rights rights of political participation such as the right to vote in local and national elections held by citizens of a national community social rights rights of social and welfare provision held by all citizens in a national community including for example the right to claim unemployment benefits and sickness payments provided by the state welfare state a political system that provides a wide range of welfare benefits for its citizens democracy political system that allows the citizens to participate in political decision making or to elect representatives to government bodies participatory direct democracy system of democracy in which members of a group or community participate collectively in making major decisions allows citizens to vote directly on laws and policies constitutional monarchy kings or queens who are largely figureheads real power rests in hands of other political leaders United Kingdom Sweden Japan liberal democracy systems of democracy based on parliamentary institutions coupled to the free market system in the area of economic production US Japan most Western European countries Australia New Zealand democracy in the U S political parties organization of individuals with broadly similar political aims oriented toward achieving legitimate control of government through an electoral process two party systems winner take all elections multiparty systems proportional representation politics and voting decline in political party identification and strength growing distrust of politics and government voter turnout increase in both males and females from 1996 2012 more females in 2012 general increase in all age groups mostly with younger people and all races interest groups group organized to pursue specific interests in the political arena operating primarily by lobbying the members of legislative bodies lobbying act of persuading influential officials to vote in favor of a cause or otherwise lend support to the aims of an interest group the political participation of women when women run for office they do as well as men the challenge is to get women to run of 186 countries US ranks 78th in women s representation in parliament Concept Quiz Undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area is called SOVEREIGNTY Sociologically speaking what is the definition of power ABILITY OF INDIVIDUALS OR MEMBERS OF A GROUP TO ACHIEVE AIMS OR FURTHER THE INTERESTS THEY HOLD What is the strongest evidence offered by the text in support of C Wright Mills position that the military plays a central role in the power elite in the US THE ELECTION OF DWIGHT ESIENHOWER AN ARMY GENERAL TO THE OFFICE OF PRESEIDENT OF THE US Which of the following is most likely to significantly increase voter turnout in the US CHANGING THE VOTER REGISTRATION PROCESS TO MAKE IT EASIER Chapter 14 work activity by which people produce from the natural world and so ensure their survival should not be thought of exclusively as paid employment in modern societies there remain types of work that do not involve direct payment housework occupation any form of paid employment in which an individual regularly works economy system of production and exchange that provides for the material needs of individuals living in a given society economic institutions are of key importance in all social orders what goes on in the economy usually influences other areas of social life modern economies differ substantially from traditional ones because the majority of the population is no longer engaged in agricultural production technology application of knowledge of the material world to production the creation of material instruments such as machines used in human interaction with nature the characteristics of work money necessary for survival activity level acquire and use skills at work variety work stand in contrast to domestic life structuring one s time work gives rhythm to daily life social contacts new friends and social activities through work personal identity work boosts self esteem the informal economy Post Fordism economic transactions carried on outside the sphere of orthodox paid employment unpaid work nonmonetary exchanges of goods and services off the books cash transactions for goods and services division of labor specialization of work tasks by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system all societies have at least some rudimentary form of division of labor especially between the tasks allocated to men and those performed by women with the development of industrialism the division of labor became vastly more complex than in any prior type of production system in the modern world the division of labor is international in scope economic interdependence the fact that in the division of labor individuals depend on others to produce many or most of the goods they need to sustain their lives Taylorism a set of ideas also referred to as Scientific management developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor involving simple coordinated operations in industry Fordism system of production pioneered by Henry Ford in which the assembly line was introduced low trust system organizational or work settings in which people are
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