Final Exam Study Guide 11 7 12 4 58 PM What is the molecule produced by the stomach that is vital to B12 absorption Intrinsic Factor What transports Iron Blood hemoglobin Calcitionin Scurvy Bleeding gums Hemorrhages Abnormal bone growth Joint pain What does the parathyroid gland secrete when blood calcium is low What are the symptoms of a Vitamin C deficiency What are the functions of water in the body Carries nutrients and waste products Maintains the structure of large molecules Participates in metabolic reactions Solvent for minerals vitamins amino acids glucose and others Lubricant and cushion around joints inside the eyes the spinal cord and in amniotic fluid during pregnancy Regulation of body temperature Maintains blood volume What are the best food sources for Beta Carotene Food that is orange in color ex Sweet potatoes carrots pumpkin What organs are responsible for the hydroxylation reactions that are needed to activate vitamin D Liver Kidneys o Both organs add an OH group to produce the active vitamin What is hyponatremia A decreased concentration of sodium in the blood What are the different ways to obtain vitamin D Sun Milk dairy products Veal beaf liver Egg yolk Chocolate mixes Fatty fish What type of fortification can help prevent genetic defects in fetuses Folate and or Vitamin B12 Which vitamin can act to transfer amino acids Vitamin B6 What type of diet is recommended to help prevent hypertension DASH Diet eating plan What are the functions and different forms of Vitamin A Promoting vision Protein synthesis Cell differentiation Reproduction growth o Beta Cartotene o Retinol Sodium What is the most abundant mineral found in the body What are the roles of vitamin D Promotes bone formation maintenance by raising blood calcium phosphorus What happens when blood pressure drops ADH retains water Renin retains sodium Angiotensin constricts blood vessels Aldosterone retains sodium o In response to low blood vessels these actions combine to effectively restore homeostasis What are the deficiencies diseases of vitamins Vitamin A infectious disease night blindness keratinization Vitamin D rickets osteomalacia Vitamin E erythrocyete hemolysis nerve damage Vitamin K hemorrhage Vitamin C scurvy bleeding gums abnormal bone growth Vitamin B12 anemia nerve damage paralysis Vitamin B6 scaly dermatitis depression confusion convulsions Biotin Skin rash hair loss neurological disturbances Niacin pellagra diarrhea dermatitis and dementia Riboflavin inflammation of the mouth skin and eyelids Thiamin Beriberi anorexia muscular weakness enlarge heart What is the difference between vitamins and minerals Vitamins are organic elements whereas minerals are pure inorganic What are the functions of the vitamins Thiamin part of coenzyme TPP in energy metabolism Riboflavin part of coenzymes FAD and FMN in energy Niacin part of coenzymes NAD and NADP in energy metabolism Biotin part of coenzyme in energy metabolism Pantothenic acid part of coenzyme A in energy metabolism Vitamin B6 part of coenzymes used in amino acid and fatty acid Folate activate vitamin B12 helps synthesize DNA for new cell elements metabolism metabolism growth Vitamin B12 activates folate helps synthesize DNA for new cells growth and protects nerve cells Vitamin C synthesis of collagen carnitine hormones neurotransmitters antioxidants Vitamin A vision maintenance of the cornea epithelial cells skin bone and tooth growth reproduction immunity Vitamin D mineralization of bones Vitamin E antioxidant Vitamin K synthesis of blood clotting proteins and bone proteins What are the inactive active cofactors of vitamins A nonprotein component of enzymes is called the cofactor If the cofactor is organic then it is called a coenzyme Coenzymes are relatively small molecules compared to the protein part of the enzyme Many of the coenzymes are derived from vitamins Niacin NAD oxidation or hydrogen transfer Riboflavin FAD oxidation or hydrogen transfer pantothenic acid CoA Acetyl group carrier vitamin B 12 coenzyme B 12 Methyl group transfer thiamin B 1 TPP Aldehyde group transfer What are the factors needed for Vitamin B12 absorption where are they produced where do they detach from intrinsic factors a glycoprotein secreted by the stomach cells that binds with vitamin B12 in the small intestine to aid in the absorption of vitamin B12 What is the transport form of iron Transferring carries iron in blood What are the fat soluble vitamins Vitamin A D E K What are the water soluble vitamins Vitamin C Vitamin B12 B6 Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic acid Folate o Water soluble vitamins must be replaced daily What hormone is secreted when blood calcium is low Parathyroid hormone mobilize calcium from the bone when blood calcium is low What hormone is secreted when blood calcium is high Calcitriol stimulates intestinal calcium absorption What are the different forms of Vitamin D Which one is active Calciferol 1 25 dihydroxy vitamin D calcitriol Vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol animal version Vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol plant body cholesterol Skin precursor 7 dehydrocholesterol o Vitamin D acts as a hormone What are the Fat Soluble Vitamins Toxicities Vitamin A reduced bone mineral density liver abnormalities and birth defects Vitamin D calcium imbalance calcification of soft tissues and formation of stones Vitamin E hemorrhagic effects Vitamin K none known What are the water soluble vitamin toxicities Thiamin Riboflavin Biotin Pantothenic acid vitamin B12 no reported toxicities Niacin liver damage impaired glucose tolerance niacin flush Vitamin B6 nerve degeneration skin lesions Folate masks vitamin B12 deficiency Vitamin C diarrhea GI distress Which organs help regulate acid base balance Regulation in the Lungs o Respiration speeds up and slows down as needed to restore homeostasis Regulation in the Kidneys o Selects which ions to retain and which to excrete o The urine s acidity level fluctuates to keep the body s total acid content balanced What are some synergistic effects of vitamins and minerals Calcium can enhance iron absorption Vitamin C can enhance iron absorption When referring to the Na K pump which is found mostly in the extracellular fluid and which is found in the intracellular fluid Sodium extracellular fluid Potassium intracellular fluid What are the heme and non heme sources of iron Heme iron o Found in foods that are from the flesh of animals meat poultry and fish o Represents only 10 of a days iron consumption but has an
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