Nutrition Final Exam Study Guide 1 What is the main link between disease and nutrition in the U S Disease in which nutrition play some role Diseases with a strong nutritional component Diseases caused by nutritional deficiencies or toxicities Osteoporosis Osteoarthritis Some forms of cancer Type 2 Diabetes Heart Disease High Blood Pressure Obesity Pellagra Scurvy Iron deficiency anemia Nutrient toxicities 2 Give examples of 5 organic micronutrients Give examples of 5 inorganic micronutrients The lack of what element makes them inorganic Organic Micronutrients Vitamins A D E K and B vitamins Inorganic Micronutrients Minerals Iron Zinc Copper Fluoride Calcium The lack of Carbon makes them inorganic 3 What are the primary functions of proteins in the body Only macronutrient that contains carbon Breaks down proteins into amino acids and reassemble them to build our own body proteins Support the growth repair and maintenance of body tissues 4 DRI s apply to which population of people Healthy people only 5 What is a chronic disease A disease that lasts for a very long period of time 6 Define Nutrient Density energy Foods that give the highest amount of nutrients for the least amount of 7 Which government agency regulates food labeling in the US The US Department of Agriculture and The US Department of Health and Human Services 8 What type of fat do we want to avoid entirely and what type of fat do we want to limit according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Avoid Trans Fats and Limit saturated fats 9 When an individual is consuming fewer calories than required which characteristic of a healthful diet would not be met Define Balance Adequacy Variety and Moderation to help you answer this Balance Proper proportions of nutrients Adequacy Sufficient energy and nutrients to maintain a person s health Variety Many different foods from the different food groups on a regular Moderation Not too much and not too little of any of the foods 10 Processed foods typically contain what mineral to help preserve it basis 11 Define physically active according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Physical fitness includes cardiovascular conditioning stretching exercises for flexibility and resistance exercise 30 minutes daily minimum of moderate activity most days of the week 60 90 min day on most days of the week to prevent weight gain or promote weight loss 12 Define Hunger and Define Appetite What is the difference between the two Hunger A Physiologic sensation that prompts us to eat Appetite A psychological desire to consume specific foods 13 What are the functions of mucus in the stomach Protects the lining of the stomach from gastric juices and acid 14 What does HCL activate in the stomach Denatures protein strands and activates pepsin 15 What compound secreted during digestion emulsifies fats What organs make and store this Bile emulsifies fat into small droplets Small Intestine 16 What compound neutralizes stomach acid What organ secretes this Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid Stomach Gastrin Pancreas Gallbladder Liver Ghrelin 17 Where does carbohydrate digestion occur and what enzymes are involved Carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine Salivary Amylase Pancreatic Amylase 18 Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb which nutrient Which cells in the stomach secret this Critical in the absorption of Vitamin B12 Secreted by the Parietal Cells 19 Which hormone triggers the stomach to release digestive juices What is this digestive juice called 20 List the accessory organs of digestion 21 Which hormone secreted in the GI tract plays a role in eating behavior and weight regulation 22 Define absorption digestion elimination and segmentation Absorption The physiologic process by which molecules of food are taken from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulation Digestion The process by which foods are broken down into their component molecules either mechanically or chemically Elimination The process by which undigested portions of food and waste products are removed from the body Segmentation Rhythmic contraction of the circular muscles of the intestines that squeeze chyme mix it and enhance digestion and absorption of nutrients from the chyme 23 What enzyme is secreted in the mouth Saliva 24 The smallest molecules that make up carbohydrates are called monosaccharides Amino Acids 25 The smallest molecules that make up proteins are called 26 What type of diet causes ketosis Lack of carbohydrates 27 Define hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia A condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than Hypoglycemia A condition marked by blood glucose levels that are below normal normal fasting levels 28 Define moderate alcohol consumption Intake of up to one drink a day for women and two for men Benefits raises HDL good cholesterol and lowers blood clot formation Concerns linked to breast cancer hypertension and hemorrhagic stroke and may increase total energy intake making someone fat 29 Define Metabolic Tolerance Functional Tolerance Metabolic Tolerance A condition in which the liver becomes more efficient in its breakdown of alcohol intoxication even at high BAC Functional Tolerance they show few if any signs of impairment or May need to consume twice as much alcohol as when they first started drinking in order to reach the same state of euphoria 30 What are the steps in alcohol oxidation What does ADH alcohol dehydrogenase do Absorbed directly from both the stomach the small intestine then transported to the liver to be metabolized then the excess alcohol is released into the blood ADH is an enzyme that oxidizes acetaldehyde to acetate 31 Name some foods sources of saturated fats polyunsaturated fats monounsaturated fats and trans fats Saturated fats Animal fats butter and lard Polysaturated fats cottonseed canola corn and safflower oils Monosaturated fats olive oil canola oil peanut oil and cashew nuts Trans Fat hydrogenated vegetable oils margarine baked goods fried foods 32 Trans fats are not good for health Why Can raise blood levels of LDL cholesterol 33 Name to two essential fatty acids EFAs Linoleic acid and Alpha linolenic acid 34 What does CCK cholecystokinin do The release of CCK allows for the gallbladder to contract 35 What does insulin do What does glucagon do Insulin A hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that increases cell uptake of glucose and amino acids Is released in the blood after a meal especially when protein and carbohydrate are
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