HUN 1201 Exam 3 Study Guide Spring 2012 Chapter 14 What sources of energy are utilized during resting and different forms of physical activity Primary energy source for physical activity is ATP once ATP stores in the muscles are depleted creatine phosphate becomes source following creatine phosphate glucose is the next source of energy for ATP production glycolysis Triglycerides fats are primary energy source during rest and endurance exercise metabolized to become ATP slow in breaking down What is glycogen loading When is it most effective Process that involves altering training and carb intake so that muscle glycogen storage is maximized Most beneficial to endurance athletes What are the common heat illnesses Heat syncope dizziness heat cramps heat exhaustion heatstroke What are micronutrients Chapter 7 5 Vitamins and minerals needed in much smaller amounts assist in energy metabolism help form healthy cells and tissue What are some differences between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins water soluble not stored in large amounts must be consumed on daily weekly basis fat soluble K A D and E readily stored in adipose tissue can be toxic in excess What are the characteristics of minerals What is the difference between major and trace minerals List the important major and trace minerals naturally occurring inorganic no C substances all minerals are elements not digested or broken down prior to absorption Major require 100mg per day Na K P Cl Ca Mg S Trace require 100mg per day Se F I Cr Mn Fe Z Cu What affects micronutrient absorption Know some examples Chemical form dietary iron heme meats fish poultry non heme plant animal foods iron fortified foods supplements Other foods within the meal high fiber whole grains oxalic acid spinach teas decrease zinc and iron absorption Binding factors within the same food Chapter 8 What is the main function of B vitamins What are sources of each Energy metabolism thiamin B1 riboflavin B2 B6 niacin pantothenic acid biotin Cell regeneration and RBC synthesis folate B12 What are the cofactors associated with each B vitamin and what processes are they involved in Thiamin B1 part of coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate TPP breakdown of glucose for energy metabolism of branched chain amino acids Riboflavin B2 part of two coenzymes flavin mononucleotide FMN and flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD involved in metabolism of carbs fatty acids and amino acids for energy involved in redox reactions in metabolic pathways Niacin B3 NAD and NADP redox reactions involved in the catabolism of carbs fats and protein for energy DNA replication and repair cell differentiation Vitamin B6 transamination key process in making nonessential amino acids synthesis of glycogen phosphorylase enzyme responsible for releasing glucose from stored glycogen essential for gluconeogenesis glucose metabolism metabolism of amino acid homocysteine synthesis of hemoglobin oxygen transport Pantothenic acid coenzyme A CoA and acyl carrier protein ACP synthesis of fatty acids CoA essential for fatty acid oxidation ketone metabolism and metabolism of carb and protein detoxification of drugs synthesis of cholesterol and steroids Biotin fatty acid synthesis gluconeogenesis metabolism of fat carbs and protein What are the deficiencies associated with each B vitamin Thiamin beriberi muscle wasting nerve damage Riboflavin ariboflavinosis sore throat swollen mucous membrane Niacin pellagra B6 skin blood nerve tissues Pantothenic acid deficiencies very rare Biotin large consumption of raw egg whites Why are choline and Iodine important What are their deficiency and toxicity symptoms Choline metabolism cell membranes neurotransmission fat and cholesterol metabolism transport metabolism of homocysteine deficiency fat accumulation in liver Iodine thyroid hormones regulates body temp reproduction growth deficiency cretinism mental retardation stunted growth hypothyroidism decreased body temp cold intolerance weight gain fatigue sluggishness What is body fluid and why is it important Liquid portion of cells and tissues o What is the difference between intracellular extracellular and interstitial fluid Chapter 9 Intracellular within the cell 2 3 of body fluid Extracellular outside of the cell 1 3 of body fluid o What factors affect the amount of body fluid Tissue type fluid content is higher in lean tissue Gender males have more lean tissue Age decrease in body water results from loss of lean tissue as people age o When and how do we lose body fluid Sensible water loss excretion of urine sweating Insensible water loss skin not sweating lungs during exhalation Significant loss illness injury exercise high altitude pregnancy breastfeeding diuretics What are electrolytes o What are the major intracellular and extracellular electrolytes Intracellular K and P Extracellular Na and Cl o Functions regulatory effects hormones that react to a decrease in fluids osmosis water loss over hydration dehydration Electrolytes help regulate fluid balance Cell membranes permeable to water but not freely permeable to electrolytes Osmotic pressure keeps electrolytes from drawing liquid toward them across a semipermeable membrane Enable nerves to respond to stimuli impulses initiated at nerve cell membranes by a change in electrical charge across membrane Muscle contractions influx of Ca2 into muscle from extracellular space contraction Ca2 leaving cell and electrical signal is completed relaxation How do we regulate our blood volume Proper body fluid levels kidneys o What are the roles of ADH rennin angiotensin and aldosterone ADH stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water reducing urine Renin responds to decreased blood pressure Angiotensin II vasoconstrictor increases blood pressure Aldosterone signals the kidneys to retain Na and Cl What are the 3 main sources of body fluid Food beverages metabolic water What is dehydration how do we measure it and who is at risk def fluid loss exceeds fluid intake weight loss due to water loss urine color elderly and infants at increased risk What is heat stroke what are its causes and symptoms def failure in the body s heat regulating mechanisms Causes hot humid environments Symptoms rapid pulse hot and dry skin high body temp loss of consciousness What is hypertension How is it classified Hypertension major chronic disease high blood pressure Primary unknown cause 90 95 of cases Secondary brought on by other condition kidney disease sleep apnea alcohol abuse
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