HUN1201 Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 1 1 What is Nutrition 2 Explain and know the different types of nutrients a Organic vs inorganic b Macronutrient vs micronutrient c Fat soluble vs water soluble vitamins d Energy yielding nutrients kcal g for each i Know their major functions in the body 3 Be able to calculate energy contributions of nutrients 4 Explain the components of the DRI a Estimated Average Requirement EAR b Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA c Adequate Intake AI d Tolerable Upper Limit Intake UL e Estimated Energy Requirement EER f Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range AMDR Chapter 1 Answers 1 Nutrition is the scientific study of food and how it nourishes the body while influencing our health Wellness is supported by proper nutrition Wellness includes physical emotional and spiritual health 2 Six nutrients carbohydrates proteins lipids vitamins minerals and water A Organic nutrients contain carbon and include carbohydrates lipids proteins and vitamins Inorganic nutrients do not contain carbon and include minerals and water B Macronutrients include carbohydrates lipids and proteins and provide direct fuel and energy for the boy Micronutrients include minerals required for body processes and vitamins which assist in regulating body processes C Fat Soluble A D E and K stored in the human body Water soluble C and B Not stored to any extent in the human body D Carbohydrates 4kcal g Fat 9 kcal g Protein 4kcal g Alcohol 7 kcal g 3 To calculate the energy contributions of nutrients you first multiple the grams of the nutrient by its equating factor in kcal Example 6 grams of protein are equal to 24 kcalories Then to get the percentage from that nutrient you take the total of all kcal and divide by 100 for percentage Example 24 kcals of protein out of a total of 242 kcals means there is about 10 kcal from protein 4 DRI consist of Estimated average requirement EAR recommended dietary allowance RDA adequate intake AI and Tolerable upper intake level UL a EAR estimated average requirement supports a specific function in the body for half of the healthy population b RDA recommended dietary allowances use EAR as a base and include sufficient daily amounts of nutrients to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy populations 98 c AI Adequate intake results from insufficient scientific evidence to determine the EAR It reflects the average daily amount of a nutrient that a group of healthy people consumes d UL Tolerable upper intake level is the maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people If you exceed the UL there is an increased risk of adverse health affects e EER estimated energy requirement is the average daily energy intake to maintain energy balance and good health for population groups This is defined by many factors including age gender weight height and level of physical activity f AMDR acceptable macronutrient distribution range represents the range of intakes for energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce risk of chronic disease CHO carbohydrates 45 65 Fat 20 35 and Protein 10 35 Chapter 2 1 What are the different components of healthful diet 2 What are the key recommendations of the dietary and physical activity guidelines for Americans 3 Know which organization regulates food labels Chapter 2 Answers 1 The four components of a healthful diet are adequate moderate balanced and diverse Adequate means sufficient energy and nutrients to maintain a person s health Moderate is not too much and not too little of any of the foods Balanced means a proper proportion of nutrients And diverse refers to the many different foods from different food groups on a regular basis 2 The US departments of agriculture and health and human services developed dietary guidelines for Americans It lists general advice for a healthful diet and lifestyle The dietary guidelines are updated every five years with the most recent update being in 2010 This recent update emphasizes calorie intake and increasing physical activity Physically active according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans a Key recommendations for physical activity according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans include engaging in regular physical activity and reducing sedentary activities Being active for at least 30 minutes a day every week can reduce the risk of heart disease and defines a physically active individual 3 The organization that regulates food labeling in the US is the FDA U S Food and Drug Administration Chapter 3 stomach function 1 What is the difference between hunger and appetite 2 What are the components of gastric juice What role does each play 3 What are the functions of chyme mucus and bicarbonate in the 4 Review the digestive enzymes and hormones of the GIT and their a Know where they are active 5 What are the three accessory organs and their functions Chapter 3 Answers 1 Hunger is the physiological drive for food It is nonspecific and can be satisfied by a variety of different foods Appetite is the psychological desire to consume specific foods It is aroused by environmental cues 2 Gastric juice contains Hydrochloric Acid HCI Pepsin Gastric lipase and Intrinsic factor HCI denatures proteins and activates pepsin Pepsin is an enzyme used to digest protein Gastric lipase is an enzyme to digest fat And intrinsic factor is the protein to absorb vitamin B12 3 Chyme is a liquid product of mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach Mucus is the layer that protects the stomach lining from the acid in gastric juices And Bicarbonate neutralizes the acid 4 Review the digestive enzymes and hormones of the GIT and their function Table 3 1 in book and where they are active 5 The three accessory organs are the gallbladder the pancreas and the liver The gallbladder stores bile a greenish fluid produced by the liver CCK signals the gallbladder to release bile and bile emulsifies the lipids The pancreas manufactures holds and secretes digestive enzymes The pancreas stores enzymes in the inactive form In the pancreas insulin and glucagon are hormones that are produced to regulate blood glucose Then bicarbonate is secreted to neutralize chyme The liver is one of the most important organs in the body It synthesizes chemicals for metabolism receives the products of digestion via the portal vein releases glucose stores vitamins manufactures blood proteins and filters the blood to remove wastes and toxins Chapter4 1 Know functions of
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