Nutrition Final Exam Review Exam 1 Notes Chapter 1 2 13 o Nutrition is the science that studies food how food nourishes the body and influences health as well as investigating the processes that liberate nutrients ingestion digestion absorption transport o Nutrients are chemicals in foods that our bodies use for growth and metabolism and excretion function o Macronutrients are organic containing carbon and include carbohydrates lipids and proteins o Micronutrients are inorganic no carbon and include vitamins minerals and water o The 6 essential nutrients in life are o carbohydrates CHO o lipids fats o Proteins o Vitamins o Minerals o Water o fat 9 kcal g o protein 4 kcal g o alcohol 7 kcal g fat o Energy is the capacity to do work measured in calories o Food is measured in kilocalories kcal o Carbohydrate 4 kcal g o Fat soluble vitamins are stored in the human body and are soluble in o Includes vitamin A D E and K o Water soluble vitamins excess secreted in urine are not stored in any extent in the human body and are soluble in water o Includes Vitamin C and B o Primary nutrient deficiency direct consequence of inadequate intake when you don t consume enough of a particular nutrient o Secondary nutrient deficiency when a person cannot absorb enough of a nutrient too much of a nutrient is excreted or the nutrient isn t utilized efficiently caused by an underlying problem o DRI dietary reference intake is the updated nutritional standards o EAR estimated average requirement used to determine and define o RDA recommended dietary allowances use EAR as base and include sufficient daily amounts of nutrients to meet known nutrient needs of a RDA of nutrients healthy population o AI adequate intakes reflects the average daily amount of nutrients that a group of healthy people consume o UL tolerable upper intake level maximum daily amount of nutrients that appear safe for most healthy people o EER estimated energy requirement average daily intake to maintain energy balance and good health for population groups o AMDR acceptable macronutrient distribution range represents range of intakes for energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce the risk of chronic diseases o AMDR for each macronutrient o Protein 10 35 o Fat 20 35 o Carbohydrate 45 65 o 4 characteristics of a healthy diet o Adequate o Moderate o Balanced o Varied nutrition o High DV 20 o Low DV 5 o Malnutrition is when too much or too little of a particular nutrient or energy over a significant period of time Ex under nutrition over o Empty calories are calories from solid fats and added sugars extra calories but very few nutrients o Phytochemicals are naturally occurring plant chemicals such as pigments that enhance health Can be found in garlic onions soy coffee and teas o Sodium and potassium are minerals that influence blood pressure o Potassium is linked to healthful blood pressure levels o Excess sodium consumption is linked to high blood pressure levels o BMI body mass index o Normal BMI 18 5 24 9 kg m o Underweight 18 5 o Overweight 25 0 o Obese 30 o Limitations of BMI can t reflect the difference in bone and muscle growth can t tell us what is fat not good with body composition o BMR basal metabolic rate the energy expended to maintain basal resting functions of the body Primary determinant of BMR is the amount of lean body mass including organs o Metabolic syndrome clustering of risk factors that increase one s risk for heart disease type 2 diabetes and stroke also including abdominal obesity higher than normal HDL cholesterol levels higher than normal blood pressure and elevated fasting blood glucose levels o Characteristics of the Female Athlete Triad are low energy availability inadequate energy intake to maintain menstrual function or to cover energy expended in exercise with or without eating disorders menstrual dysfunction amenorrhea absence of menstruation for 3 months or more and low bone density o Anorexia Nervosa extremely restrictive eating practices with the intense fear of gaining weight o Symptoms are amenorrhea which is insufficient energy to maintain normal body functions o Health risks are energy and nutrient deficiency electrolyte imbalance cardiovascular problems gastrointestinal problems and bone problems o Bulimia nervosa recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging to prevent weight gain excessively occurring at least twice a week for three months body shape and weight influence self evaluation o Signs chronically inflamed and sore throat swollen neck and o Health risks electrolyte imbalance gastrointestinal and dental glands problems o Binge Eating vs Bulimia Nervosa o Binge eating loss of self control inability to end binge once started feel a drug induced high o Bulimia binge eating followed by purging o Alcohol is absorbed directly from both the stomach and the small intestine into the blood stream Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and oxidized by liver enzymes Exam 2 Notes Chapter 3 o Hunger physiological drive for food nonspecific o Appetite physiological desire to consume specific foods o Digestive tract mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum o Peristalsis muscular contractions that move food chyme and feces in one direction through the length of the G I gastrointestinal tract o Segmentation unique pattern of motility circular and longitudinal muscles that contract and relax to mix the chyme and enhance its contact with digestive juices as well as electrolytes o Haustration involuntary sustained forceful contraction of the colon that occurs two or more times a day to push waste toward the rectum o Bolus mass of food chewed and moistened in the mouth o Chyme liquid product of mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach o Components of gastric juice o HCL hydrochloric acid denatures proteins and activates pepsin o Pepsin an enzyme that digests proteins o Gastric lipase an enzyme that digests fat o Intrinsic factor protein that absorbs vitamin b12 o Major functions of the large intestine o Store undigested food material absorb water short chained fatty acids and electrolytes o Digestive enzymes and hormones of G I tract o Salivary amylase digests carbohydrates o Pepsin digests proteins o Gastric lipase digests lipids o Pancreatic lipase digests lipids o Cholesterol esterase digests cholesterol o Pancreatic amylase digests carbohydrates o Proteases digest proteins o Elastase digest fibrous proteins o Carboxypeptase Aminopeptidase
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