Name Danielle Battle HUN 1201 Study Guide Exam 3 Chapter 14 1 What sources of energy are utilized during resting and different forms of physical activity high low intensity exercise Fats are the primary energy source during rest sitting standing in place and endurance exercise marathons Carbohydrates are used for mostly high intensity exercise and fats are used for low intensity exercise long duration exercise 2 When should we replenish our body with nutrients as a result of exercise We should replenish our bodies with nutrients immediately following exercise 3 What is glycogen loading When is it most effective Glycogen loading is known as carbohydrate loading and it involves altering both exercise duration and carbohydrate intake in an individual to maximize the amount of muscle glycogen 4 Define micronutrients Chapter 7 5 Micronutrients are nutrients consisting of vitamins and minerals that are needed in relatively small amounts to support normal health and body functions 5 What is the difference between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins ie how are they absorbed transported stored excreted and how often do we have to consume them List all vitamins water soluble and fat soluble Fat soluble vitamins are found in fatty portions of food absorbed with dietary fats readily stored in body s adipose tissue so we don t need to consume every day Vitamins A D E and K are all fat soluble Water soluble vitamins are found in whole grains fruits vegetables meats and dairy products They are easily absorbed through the intestinal tract directly into the bloodstream excreted in urine when kidneys filter excess amounts they are not stored in large amounts in the body and can be consumed on a daily or weekly basis Vitamins include Thiamin b1 riboflavin b2 niacin pyridoxine b6 folate folic acid cobalamin b12 pantothenic acid biotin and ascorbic acid c 6 What are the characteristics of minerals What is the difference between major and trace minerals List the important major and trace minerals Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances calcium iron zince they are solid crystalline substances not containing carbon Major require at least 100 mg per day include sodium potassium phosphorus chloride Trace require less than 100 mg per day include selenium fluoride iodine chromium calcium magnesium and sulfur manganese iron zinc and copper 7 What affects micronutrient absorption both increase and decrease absorption Know some examples The absorption of micronutrients depends on their chemical form ex dietary iron form of heme iron fish meats poultry or non heme iron plant and animal foods iron fortified foods and supplements 8 What is the main function of B vitamins Chapter 8 B complex vitamins are particularly important in assisting in energy metabolism 9 What are the cofactors associated with each B vitamin and what processes are they involved in Thiamin riboflavin vitamin b6 niacin pantothenic acid and biotin function primarily in energy metabolism Folate and vitamin b12 function in cell regeneration and red blood cell synthesis 10 Which B vitamin is sensitive to light Riboflavin vitamin b2 is light sensitive 11 Which B vitamin is a coenzyme in amino acid synthesis Vitamin b6 pyridoxine is a coenzyme in amino acid synthesis 12 What are the deficiencies and toxicities associated with each B vitamin Thiamin b1 deficiency muscle wasting and nerve damage Riboflavin b2 deficiency sore throat swollen mucus membranes ariboflavinosis Niacin b3 deficiency pellagra severe niacin deficiency Dermatitis diarrhea and dementia are the symptoms of toxicity Vitamin B6 pyridoxine deficiency skin blood nerve tissues protein metabolism RBC neurotransmitter development Toxicity high dose supplements nerve damage and skin lesions Pantothenic Acid deficiency very rare no adverse effect from excess amounts Biotin deficiency seen in large consumption of raw egg whites over time Choline deficiency fat accumulation in the liver Toxicity from excess supplementation causes a fishy body odor Iodine deficiency disorders include cretinism hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism Chromium deficiency induced in labs inhibit glucose uptake into the cells causing a rise in the blood glucose and insulin levels High dose supplementation safety is unknown Manganese toxicity impairs the nervous system causing spasms and tremors Sulfur body is able to obtain ample sulfur from protein containing foods so there are no known toxicity or deficiency symptoms 13 Why are choline and Iodine important What are their deficiency and toxicity symptoms Choline is important for metabolism the structural integrity of cell membranes and neurotransmission play important role in metabolism and transport of fats and cholesterol Deficiency fat accumulation in the liver toxicity from excess supplementation is a fishy body odor Iodine is a necessary component of thyroid hormones which helps regulate human metabolism responsible for the synthesis of thyroid hormones which regulate key metabolic reactions associated with body temperature resting metabolic rate macronutrient metabolism and reproduction and growth Deficiency Cretinism hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism toxicity too much blocks synthesis of thyroid hormones insufficient supply stimulates thyroid gland which increases the size of the gland in an attempt to capture iodine from the blood Chapter 9 14 What is body fluid and why is it important Body fluid is the liquid portion of cells and tissues and they are important because they dissolve and transport substances help maintain body temperatures and protect and lubricate tissues What is the difference between intracellular extracellular and interstitial fluid Intracellular fluid is within the cell Extracellular fluid is outside of the cell a b c Interstitial fluid is plasma which is water in the blood and lymph What factors affect the amount of body fluid a Factors that affect the amount of body fluid are tissue type gender age fluid content being high in lean tissue vs fatty tissue When and how do we lose body fluid a We lose body fluid through urine sweat evaporation exhalation and feces noticeable sensible water loss there is a significant loss when there is illness injury exercise pregnancy breastfeeding and diuretics What factors affect the balance of body fluid inside and outside of our cells a Lean tissue affects the balance of body fluid inside and outside our cells more lean tissue more body fluid What are electrolytes What are the major
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