Chapter 3 Study Guide 1 What is the difference between hunger and appetite Hunger physiologic drive for food that occurs when the body senses we need to eat Appetite psychological desire to consume specific foods 2 What are the roles of each of the following in digestion a Hypothalamus region of brain tissue that prompts us to seek food b Sphincters muscles that control the passage of food material from one GIT organ to the next to swallow c Chewing moistens food and mechanically breaks it down into pieces small enough d Taste and Olfactory Receptors five different tastes bitter sweet sour salty umami savory olfaction sense of smell e Epiglottis covers opening to trachea during swallowing f Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid 3 What is the order of organs in the digestive tract Esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum 4 Define the following and know where they occur a Peristalsis waves of squeezing and pushing contractions that move food chyme and feces in one direction through the length of the GI tract ex esophagus to stomach b Segmentation rhythmic contraction of circular muscles in the intestinal wall c Haustration formation of haustra segmentations in the colon that contract sluggishly to move contents 5 What are the components of gastric juice What role does each play Hydrochloric acid denatures proteins and activates pepsin Pepsin enzyme that digests protein Gastric lipase enzyme that digests fat Intrinsic factor protein that absorbs vitamin B 12 6 What are the functions of chyme mucus and bicarbonate in the stomach Chyme liquid mass consisting of partially digested food water and gastric juices easier for enzymes to access than solid forms of food Mucus layer that protects the stomach lining from the acid in gastric juices Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acids 7 What are the 3 sections of the small intestine Duodenum jejunum ileum 8 What are the major functions of the large intestine 9 Absorbs water short chain fatty acids and electrolytes creates feces Review the digestive enzymes and hormones of the GIT and their function Mouth salivary amylase digests carbs Stomach pepsin digests proteins gastric lipase digests lipids Small intestine enzymes created in pancreas proteases digest proteins elastase digests fibrous proteins pancreatic lipase digests lipids cholesterol esterase dig chol pancreatic amylase dig carbs Small intestine created in small int lipase dig lipids sucrose dig sucrose maltase dig maltose lactase dig lactose 10 What are accessory organs List 3 accessory organs and their role in digestion Gallbladder stores bile Pancreas manufactures holds and secretes digestive enzymes Liver synthesizes chemicals for metabolism receives products of digestion via portal vein releases glucose from glycogen stores stores vitamins manufactures blood proteins filters blood removes wastes and toxins 11 Describe the absorptive surface of the GIT Heavily folded lining mucosal membrane of small intestine increases surface area allowing it to absorb more nutrients finger like projections called villi absorptive cells in villi called enterocytes capillaries and a lacteal small lymph vessel are inside each villus Chapter 4 Study Guide 1 What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates Know examples and sources of each a Monosaccharides one sugar molecules vs disaccharides two sugar molecules Types of simple carbs sugar Example mono fructose galactose ribose Example di maltose glucose glucose sucrose glucose fructose lactose galactose glucose b Oligosaccharides 3 10 mono vs polysaccharides long chains of glucose Types of complex carbs consist of long chains of glucose molecules Examples of oligo raffinose and stachyose Examples of poly startch glycogen most fibers 2 What is the difference between starch and glycogen Startch polysaccharide form of glucose stored in plants Glycogen stored form of glucose in animals 3 What is the difference between soluble and insoluble fibers Soluble fibers dissolve in water are viscous and are fermentable insoluble fibers are the opposite 4 Where does carbohydrate digestion occur Which enzymes breakdown carbohydrates and where in the GIT Small intestine Pancreatic amylase digests remaining startch into maltose maltase sucrase and lactase break down corresponding disaccharides into their two mono components Monosaccharides then absorbed into mucosal cells in small intestines where they pass through and enter bloodstream Once in the bloodstream they travel to the liver where theyh are converted to glucose If the glucose is not immediately needed by the body it will be stored as glycogen in liver and muscles 5 Which hormones are involved in blood glucose regulation and how do they affect blood glucose all increase blood glucose except insulin Insulin stimulates liver to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen Glucagon stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose stimulates gluconeogenesis production of glucose from amino acids Epinephrine and Norepinephrine secreted by adrenal glands and nerve endings when blood glucose is low increase glycogen breakdown in liver fight or flight Cortisol secreted by adrenal glands to act on liver muscle and adipose tissue increases gluconeogenesis decreases muscle glucose use Growth hormone secreted by adrenal glands to act on liver muscle and adipose tissue decreases muscle glucose uptake increases fatty acid mobilization and liver glucose output 6 Explain ketosis and gluconeogenesis Ketosis process by which the breakdown of fat during fasting states results in the production of ketones Gluconeogenesis the generation of glucose from the breakdown of proteins into amino acids 7 What are some health benefits of fiber helps prevent hemorrhoids constipation other intestinal problems may reduce risk of colon cancer diverticulosis heart disease type 2 diabetes may enhance weight loss 8 What are the dietary recommendations for carbohydrates and fiber Carbs RDA 130 grams day AMDR 45 65 of daily calories Fiber AI 25g day women 38g day men 14g 1000 kcal adequate fluid intake is recommended 9 Explain type 1 and type 2 diabetes including their causes symptoms and treatments Type 1 body does not produce enough insulin causes hyperglycemia insulin injections Type 2 insulin insensitivity cells become less responsive to insulin metabolic syndrome is a cluster of factors that increase risk of type 2 10 Explain the difference between reactive and fasting hypoglycemia Reactive hypoglycemia pancreas
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