Lecture 2. How does the computer work?Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Instruction Set ArchitectureSlide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22so a k is... k in computing is short for kb or kilobyte where kilo means the same as anywhere else in our measurement system: 1000 so a k is 1000 bytes how about Mb? b for byte again, and M for mega: megabyte big M for mega, small m means milli, or one thousandth, 1/1000 as in mm, thousandths of a metre mega in our measurement system means one million, 1 000 000 or a thousand thousand, so a megabyte is a thousand kilobytes or one million bytes how about GB? you can now buy hard disk drives in Gb, gigabytes, thousands of Mb or thousands of millions of bytes, so a 5Gb HDD holds 5000 Mb of data with some large computers storing up to Tb, terabytes... yup, thousands of Gb... so one terabyte (Tb) = 1000 gigabytes (Gb) = 1000 000 megabytes (Mb) = 1000 000 000 kilobytes (kb) = 1 000 000 000 000 bytes or one thousand billion bytes of informationSlide 24Slide 25What is a Computer?Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Typical Machine LayoutSlide 32Slide 33Typical Machine ExecutionTypical Machine Execution (continued)Typical Machine TranslationWays to Construct a ComputerSlide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Von Neumann Model of ExecutionSlide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Decimal system, base 10Octal system, base 8Hexadecimal system, base16Binary system, base 2Slide 59Best way to use number systemsConvert Binary to DecimalSlide 62Decimal notation with fractionsBinary notation with fractionsSlide 65Convert Binary to Power 2 baseLecture 2. How does the computer work?Prof. Sin-Min LeeDepartment of Computer Science•Practice, Practice, Practice!Use casette tape recorder to listen, practiceTry videotapingSeek feedback from friendsUse phrases, not sentencesNotes separate from slides (don’t read slide)Pick appropriate font, size (~ 24 point to 32 point)Estimate talk length 2 minutes per slideUse extras as backup slides (Question and Answer)Use color tastefully (graphs, emphasis)Don’t cover slidesUse overlays or builds in powerpoint‘Computer” of the dayJacquard loomlate 1700’sfor weaving silk“Program” on punch cards“Microcode”: each holelifts a set of threads“Or gate”: thread lifted if any controlling hole punchedCard Punch• Early “programmers” were well-paid (compared to loom operators)Computer Architecture = Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization + …Instruction Set Architecture•Instruction set architecture is the attributes of a computing system as seen by the assembly language programmer or compiler. This includes–Instruction Set (what operations can be performed?)–Instruction Format (how are instructions specified?)–Data storage (where is data located?)–Addressing Modes (how is data accessed?)–Exceptional Conditions (what happens if something goes wrong?)•A good understanding of computer architecture is important for compiler writers, operating system designers, and general computer programmers.Understanding Computer BasicsUnderstanding Computer BasicsComputer Case- The part of a computer system that houses the microprocessor, the RAM (Random Access Memory), and the Motherboard. This case also houses the disk drives.CPU (Central Processing Unit) - A chip or circuit that interprets and executes programs by processing a list of machine instructions which perform binary operations on data stored in memory. The portion of hardware in a computer which interprets instructions and then executes them. It is the heart of any computer system.Memory- The internal component that the computer uses to temporary store data and programs . There are two kinds of computer memory: RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory). RAM loses its data if the power is turned off; ROM retains its information whether the computer has power or not. Users are unable to erase ROM. Not to be confused with storage devices such as hard drives, floppy disks, or other such devices. Data is processed in RAM memory; it is stored on a storage device.Motherboard- The main circuit board in the computer.Every device is connected to the Motherboard. Also called planar, system board, or backplane, depending on the architecture of the board.Intel, the world's biggest semiconductor maker, said Monday it built a test chip with a new process that creates faster circuits by packing 10 million transistors into an area the size of the tip of a ballpoint pen.Intel, based in Santa Clara, Calif., has made the first working memory chip that uses so-called 65-nanometer technology to shrink the circuits inside chips, Intel researcher Mark Bohr said during a conference call.Aug. 31, 2004, 12:05AMBig gain in small packageIntel test chip boasts technology to add to speedVideo Card –This card connects to the Motherboard and the computer monitor connects to the videocard. That is how images are interpreted and displayed to the monitor.Network card- Device connected to the motherboard which is used for communicating on a network to other computers, printers and other electronic devices (ex. Phones, cell phones ect…)Network Card- Device connected to the motherboard which is used for communicating on a network to other computers, printers and other electronic devices (ex. Phones, cell phones ect…)Network Card Driver- A program that instructs the device on how to operate.Hard Drive- A device that is connected to the motherboard and is used for storage of data files. Usually this device is referred to as your c:\ drive. Storage capacity can be measured in Kb, Mb, Gb and Tb.Floppy Drive- A device that is also connected to the motherboard that allows you to use a portable storage media called floppies;which are used to store data. The floppies come 5 ¼’’(which are no longer popular) and 3 ½’’ sizes (which is still the most widely used media up-to-date.). The floppies storage capacity is no where near the storage capacity of a harddrive. ( Ex. 1Gb Harddrive can hold information that is on 695 floppies);Get the point?Bitso a k is...k in computing is short for kb or kilobyte where kilo means the same as anywhere else in our measurement system: 1000 so a k is 1000 byteshow about Mb?b for byte again, and M for mega: megabyte big M for mega, small m means milli, or one thousandth, 1/1000 as in mm, thousandths
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