Lecture 1 Prof Sin Min Lee Department of Computer Science San Jose State University Tuesday Thursday 10 30 11 45 Your evaluation in this course is determined by 30 15 Class Presentation 10 Presentation report 5 Final Exam 30 Midterm 1 Midterm 2 Midterm 3 Rare Every Thursday Textbook Computer Organization and Architecture Designing for Performance 8th Edition By William Stallings Prentice Hall ISBN 10 0 13 607373 5 Reference Null and Lobur The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture Second Edition ISBN 978 0 7637 7956 6 Reference Book Computer Systems Architecture A Networking Approach Author Rob Williams Format Paperback Publication Date November 2006 Publisher Prentice Hall Good REFERENCEs 1 M Murdocca and V Heuring Computer Architecture and Organization an integrated approach Wiley 2007 2 Linda Null and Julia Lobur The Essentials Of Computer Organization and Architecture 2nd edition Jones and Bartlett Publishers 2006 ISBN 10 7637 3769 0 The text covers such topics as digital logic data representation machine level language general organization assembly language programming CPU organization memory organization and input output devices as well as a new chapter on Embedded Systems ENIAC background Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Eckert and Mauchly University of Pennsylvania Trajectory tables for weapons Started 1943 Finished 1946 Too late for war effort Used until 1955 ENIAC details Decimal not binary 20 accumulators of 10 digits Programmed manually by switches 18 000 vacuum tubes 30 tons 15 000 square feet 140 kW power consumption 5 000 additions per second What s Computer Architecture The attributes of a computing system as seen by the programmer i e the conceptual structure and functional behavior as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design and the physical implementation Amdahl Blaaw and Brooks 1964 SOFTWARE von Neumann Turing Stored Program concept Main memory storing programs and data ALU operating on binary data Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing Input and output equipment operated by control unit Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies IAS Completed 1952 Von Neumann Model 1940 s a new model for building computers Today we can still see the effect Radically different from what went before The memory of the computer was to store both the data to be worked on and the program doing the work The stored program computer concept Von Neumann Architecture CONTROL INPUT Data Control MEMORY A L U Address INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT OUTPUT What s Computer Architecture 1950s to 1960s Computer Architecture Course Computer Arithmetic 1970s to mid 1980s Computer Architecture Course Instruction Set Design especially ISA appropriate for compilers What we ll do in Chapter 2 1990s to 2000s Computer Architecture Course Design of CPU memory system I O system Multiprocessors All evolving at a tremendous rate Structure of von Neumann machine IAS details 1000 x 40 bit words Binary number 2 x 20 bit instructions Set of registers storage in CPU Memory Buffer Register Memory Address Register Instruction Register Instruction Buffer Register Program Counter Accumulator Multiplier Quotient Commercial Computers 1947 Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation UNIVAC I Universal Automatic Computer US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations Became part of Sperry Rand Corporation Late 1950s UNIVAC II Faster More memory Gordon Moore co founder of Intel predicted in 1965 that the transistor density of semiconductor chips would double roughly every 18 months Moore s Law formulated by Gordon Moore in 1965 three years before he helped found chip maker Intel Corp Binary Digits Bits Human On 1 Only 2 states possible Of 0 Electronic Electronic pulse pulse present absent Positive Negative magnetic magnetic field field On Off Pitted Light Pulse Not Pitted No Light Pulse readable symbols Inside the computer s memory RAM Permanently stored on disks Permanently stored on CD ROM Fiber Optic Cable Chapter 1 Number Base William George Horner Born 1786 in Bristol England Died 22 Sept 1837 in Bath England Horner s only significant contribution to mathematics was Horner s method for solving algebraic equations It was submitted to the Royal Society on 1 July 1819 and was published in the same year in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Some years earlier Ruffini had described a similar method which had won him the gold medal offered by the Italian Mathematical Society for Science who had asked for improved methods for numerical solutions to equations However neither Ruffini nor Horner was the first to discover this method as it was known to Zhu Shijie 500 years earlier Ch in Chiu Shao is a thirteenth century Chinese sage who around 1247 AD composed the nine sections of mathematics He also developed a scheme for the solution of numerical equations The difference between Ch in Chiu Shao and Horner s is that Ch in Chiu Shao uses Horner s method of synthetic division in reverse order No one noticed that the Chinese had this knowledge for a long time until Wang Ling and Joseph Needham s paper on 1 Horner s Method in Chinese Mathematics 2 F Cajori Horner s Method of Approximation Anticipated by Ruffini Bull Amer Math Soc 17 1911 409 414 Horner s method 1819 1786 1837 1247
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