Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Computer Architecture Examples and HierarchyBy Cheuk WongHierarchyLayers of components made out of smaller partsA higher layer will abstract the immediate lower layerWe can design complex systems using higher abstraction layer without worrying about the individual components of the lower layersCan be used in both hardware as well as softwareExample of Software hierarchyFrom Highest to LowestApplications: MS Powerpoints, Firefox, etcHigh level program languages: Java, C/C++, etcInterpreted Languages: LISP, ProLogAssembly Languages: x86Machine Code: BinariesFlip-flips and Logic GatesTransistorsWe can work with any of the layers without knowing how the lower layers work.Hardware HierarchyFrom Highest to LowerComputer System: Monitor, keyboard, “black box”Integrated Circuit: CPU, Memory systemChip Level: ALU, Registers, Cache, RAMFlip-flops, Multiplexers, Decoders, AddersNOT-gate, AND-gate, NAND-gates, OR-gates, NOR-gateMOSFET Transistors, NPN-Transistors, PNP-TransistorsAgain, we can work with any layers without worrying about the lower layers.Some more HierarchyAgain, from highest to lowerInternetLAN, PANComputer SystemsMoving on to Computer Architectures...Computer ArchitecturesComputer Architectures is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system -WikipediaDeals with the Integrated Circuit and Chip Level layers of the Hardware HierarchyMainly focuses on how the CPU interact with other parts of the computer, such as accessing main memory or interfacing with peripheral hardwaresUltimate goal is to increase performanceSubcategories of Comp. Arch.Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): Provide a set of language structure and data typeEx. x86Will not be discussed since this is cover in CS47Micro-architecture: Describes how multiplexers, decoders, adders, transistors, etc interact with each others. The ISA will be depended on Micro-arch is designed.System Design: Describes how all the hardwares are connected to each other (e.g. buses, memory controller, etc)Micro-architectureDescribes how multiplexers, decoders, etc are connected to each other.2-Bit ALUA Simple Logic BoardSystem DesignSystem Design: Describes how all the hardwares are connected to each otherComponents: Functional Units and InterconnectionsFunctional Units: CPU, I/O devicesInterconnections: Buses, Motherboard, BridgesTermsMotherboard: The main circuit board that contains the CPU and the busesBus: A common pathway that connects a number of devicesBridge: A pathway that connects the busesNorthbridge: AKA Memory control hub, connects the CPU to main memory and GPU(Video cards). This is on the motherboard.Southbridge: AKA I/O Control hub, connects the Northbridge to Power management, PCI bus I/O devices such as USB, and other devicesSimple System DesignNon-Bridged System DesignA Graphic-Centric Design17-inch MacBook
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