Cray Supercomputers New PerspectiveHistoryVisual TourMarket Segment (from top500)Supercomputer ArchitectureCurrent Cray ProductsPerformance MeasurementsScalable Architecture in XT-3Is Cray a good deal?FutureReferencesCray SupercomputersCray SupercomputersNew PerspectiveNew PerspectiveAlex OstrovskyAlex OstrovskyCS147CS147HistoryHistoryCray Research founded in 1972.Cray Research founded in 1972.Cray Computer founded in 1988.Cray Computer founded in 1988.1976 First product – Cray-1 (240,000,000 OpS). 1976 First product – Cray-1 (240,000,000 OpS). Seymour Cray personally invented vector register Seymour Cray personally invented vector register technology.technology.1985 Cray-2 (1,200,000,000 OpS, a 5-fold 1985 Cray-2 (1,200,000,000 OpS, a 5-fold increase from Cray 1). Seymour is credited with increase from Cray 1). Seymour is credited with immersion-cooling technologyimmersion-cooling technologyCray-3 used revolutionary new gallium arsenide Cray-3 used revolutionary new gallium arsenide integrated circuits for the traditional silicon onesintegrated circuits for the traditional silicon ones1996 Cray was bought by SGI1996 Cray was bought by SGIIn March 2000 the Cray Research name and In March 2000 the Cray Research name and business was sold by SGI to Tera Inc.business was sold by SGI to Tera Inc.Visual TourVisual TourMarket Segment (from top500)Market Segment (from top500)Count Share % Rmax Sum (GF) Rpeak Sum (GF) Procs SumPentium4 Xeon 232 46.4 422375 810977 142065Itanium2 84 16.8 190357 243070 42048HP 50 10 52503 92016 26064Opteron 30 6 61729 102444 24796Power4+ 26 5.2 90730 174387 24042Power4 19 3.8 34874 68089 12966Alpha 12 2.4 32414 46182 23512Nec 10 2 47177 52669 6488PowerPC 8 1.6 127194 176979 51664Power 8 1.6 24465 36742 27732Cray 7 1.4 16298 17869 1396Hitachi SR8000 4 0.8 5152 6314 1548Sparc 4 0.8 12076 24535 5348MIPS 2 0.4 2461 4301 7168Pentium4 1 0.2 1212 5753 940Intel 1 0.2 2379 3207 9632AMD Athlon 1 0.2 1017 1400 500Power5 1 0.2 3068 5472 720All 500 100 % 1127481 1872406 408629Supercomputer Architecture Supercomputer Architecture Count Share % Rmax Sum (GF) Rpeak Sum (GF) Procs SumScalar 479 95.8 1058853 1795555 399197Vector 21 4.2 68628 76851 9432All 500 100 % 1127481 1872406 408629Current Cray ProductsCurrent Cray ProductsCray X1 is the only Cray’s product with Cray X1 is the only Cray’s product with a unique vector CPUa unique vector CPUCompetitors are: Fujitsu, NEC, HPCompetitors are: Fujitsu, NEC, HPCray XT3 and XD1 use AMD Opteron Cray XT3 and XD1 use AMD Opteron CPUs (series 100 and series 200 CPUs (series 100 and series 200 accordingly)accordingly)You can find full product specifications You can find full product specifications as well as additional information on as well as additional information on current systems at www.cray.comcurrent systems at www.cray.comPerformance MeasurementsPerformance MeasurementsPerformance is measured in teraflopsPerformance is measured in teraflopsLinpack is a standard benchmarkLinpack is a standard benchmarkPerformance is also measured in memory Performance is also measured in memory bandwidth & latency, disk performance, bandwidth & latency, disk performance, interconnects, internal IO, reliability, and interconnects, internal IO, reliability, and othersothersFor example:For example:My home system, Athlon 750, gives about 34 My home system, Athlon 750, gives about 34 megaflops (34*10^6 flops)megaflops (34*10^6 flops)Current mid-range supercomputers give about 40 Current mid-range supercomputers give about 40 teraflops(40*10^12 flops) which is 1,176,470 teraflops(40*10^12 flops) which is 1,176,470 times fastertimes fasterScalable Architecture in XT-3Scalable Architecture in XT-3Is Cray a good deal?Is Cray a good deal?Typical Cost approximately $30 million and Typical Cost approximately $30 million and aboveaboveUseful lifetime – 6 yearsUseful lifetime – 6 yearsMost customers use supercomputers at 90% - Most customers use supercomputers at 90% - 98% load98% loadClustered supercomputers and machines Clustered supercomputers and machines build around common desktop components build around common desktop components (AMD/Intel CPUs, memory chips, (AMD/Intel CPUs, memory chips, motherboards, and etc.) are significantly motherboards, and etc.) are significantly cheapercheaperFutureFutureCray’s “Red Storm” System in Sandia Cray’s “Red Storm” System in Sandia National Laboratories is running on Linux OSNational Laboratories is running on Linux OSCurrent Cost $90 millionCurrent Cost $90 millionUses 11,648 AMD Opteron CPUsUses 11,648 AMD Opteron CPUsCurrent operational speed – 41.5 teraflopsCurrent operational speed – 41.5 teraflopsUses unique SeaStar chip, which passes Uses unique SeaStar chip, which passes messages between thousands of CPUsmessages between thousands of CPUsUpgrades are scheduled to be completed by Upgrades are scheduled to be completed by the end of 2005 using dual-core Opteronthe end of 2005 using dual-core OpteronExpected to reach 100 teraflops by the end Expected to reach 100 teraflops by the end of 2005of
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