Super ComputersWhat is a Supercomputer?What is a Supercomputer? (cont’d)What are Supercomputers Used For?Early History Supercomputer.Early History of Supercomputer. (cont’d)Parallel ProcessingCluster ComputersCluster Computers (cont’d)Xbox ClusterXbox Cluster (cont’d)Multi-ProcessorMulti-Processor (cont’d)Advantages of Parallel ProcessingDisadvantages of parallel processing.ReferencesSuperSuper Computers ComputersBy Phuong VoBy Phuong VoWhat is a Supercomputer?What is a Supercomputer?Supercomputer is a broad term for one of Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computer currently available.the fastest computer currently available.Super computers were designed and built Super computers were designed and built to work on extremely large jobs that could to work on extremely large jobs that could not be handled by no other types of not be handled by no other types of computing systems.computing systems.What is a Supercomputer? What is a Supercomputer? (cont’d)(cont’d)Supercomputers speed are measured Supercomputers speed are measured in in floating point operations per second floating point operations per second (FLOPS) in units of (FLOPS) in units of megaflops (MFOPS) megaflops (MFOPS) gigaflops (GFLOPS) gigaflops (GFLOPS) teraflops (TFLOPS)teraflops (TFLOPS)What are Supercomputers What are Supercomputers Used For?Used For?scientific simulationsscientific simulationsanimated graphicsanimated graphicsanalysis of geological dataanalysis of geological datanuclear energy research and nuclear energy research and meteorologymeteorologycomputational fluid dynamicscomputational fluid dynamicsEarly History Early History Supercomputer.Supercomputer.Seymour Clay made the first transistorized Seymour Clay made the first transistorized computer (CDC 1604) in 1964.computer (CDC 1604) in 1964.In 1965 Cray developed CDC 6600, the first In 1965 Cray developed CDC 6600, the first multithreading computer. Cray then multithreading computer. Cray then developed the CDC 7600 in 1970.developed the CDC 7600 in 1970.Cray-1 supercomputers project started in Cray-1 supercomputers project started in 1972 and finished in 1974 and was twice as 1972 and finished in 1974 and was twice as fast as the 7600 with a vector speed of 80 fast as the 7600 with a vector speed of 80 MFLOPS.MFLOPS.Early History of Early History of Supercomputer. (cont’d)Supercomputer. (cont’d)In 1990 Cray successful build Cray-4 the fastest In 1990 Cray successful build Cray-4 the fastest supercomputer in the world at around 10 gigaflops supercomputer in the world at around 10 gigaflops and was smaller than a human brain.and was smaller than a human brain.Cray died on October 5Cray died on October 5thth 1996 at the age of 71 as a 1996 at the age of 71 as a result of injuries sustained in an automobile result of injuries sustained in an automobile accident.accident.Currently the fastest computer is Currently the fastest computer is IBM BlueGene/L at around 73 IBM BlueGene/L at around 73 teraflops (TFLOPS) teraflops (TFLOPS)Parallel ProcessingParallel ProcessingTwo common type used in Two common type used in supercomputers.supercomputers.ClusterClusterMulti-ProcessorMulti-ProcessorCluster ComputersCluster ComputersCluster computers are two or more Cluster computers are two or more computers working parallel to achieve computers working parallel to achieve greater performances. Cluster greater performances. Cluster computers computers breakup work among the computers in breakup work among the computers in the the cluster.cluster.Cluster Computers (cont’d)Cluster Computers (cont’d)Each computer in the cluster is a cpu Each computer in the cluster is a cpu itself with its own processor, itself with its own processor, memory, and disk.memory, and disk.The computers communicate with The computers communicate with each other via an interconnecting each other via an interconnecting bus.bus.Xbox ClusterXbox Clusterwww.anandtech.comwww.anandtech.com successfully built a successfully built a XBOX Linux cluster XBOX Linux cluster consisting of 8 XBOXs.consisting of 8 XBOXs.XBOX specs:XBOX specs:PIII 733MHz 128K L2 PIII 733MHz 128K L2 Seagate 5400RPM 8GB Seagate 5400RPM 8GB 64MB Shared PC3200 64MB Shared PC3200Xbox Cluster (cont’d)Xbox Cluster (cont’d)Distributed Compiling Distributed RenderingPerformance BenchmarksMulti-ProcessorMulti-ProcessorA multi-processor computer has 2 or A multi-processor computer has 2 or more more cpus. Each processor is capable of cpus. Each processor is capable of running running different program simultaneously (true different program simultaneously (true multitasking).multitasking).Multi-Processor (cont’d)Multi-Processor (cont’d)The cpus all shared the other parts of the The cpus all shared the other parts of the computers: memory, disk system, bus, etc.computers: memory, disk system, bus, etc.Cpu communicate via memory and the Cpu communicate via memory and the system bus.system bus.Cheaper than cluster computers but does Cheaper than cluster computers but does not perform as well.not perform as well.Advantages of Parallel Advantages of Parallel ProcessingProcessingCosts are much cheaper than Costs are much cheaper than building one supercomputer.building one supercomputer.Highly scalable.Highly scalable.Disadvantages of parallel Disadvantages of parallel processing.processing.High overload – it is difficult to make High overload – it is difficult to make many processor work together many processor work together efficiently.efficiently.It is difficult to write programs to It is difficult to write programs to utilize multiple processors at once in utilize multiple processors at once in an efficient manner.an efficient
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