CAS LX 522 Syntax ICaseNom caseAcc caseNotes on caseSlide 6Subject-verb agreementSlide 8Slide 9Slide 10She likes themSlide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19The case of prepositional objectsComputers break near meComputers breakSlide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Near me computers breakP checks accusativeDouble-object constructionsAdverbsManner vs. propositional adverbsPropositional & temporal adverbsAdverb positionsPassivesSlide 41Slide 42Lunch was eatenSlide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Ditransitive passivesWhere does the by-phrase attach?Japanese Numeral QuantifiersItalian ne-cliticizationEpisode 7b. Case and Episode 7b. Case and agreement, and the passiveagreement, and the passiveCh. 6 continuesCh. 6 continuesCAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax ICaseCaseRecall that pronouns in English show Recall that pronouns in English show distinctions in case:distinctions in case:Subject pronouns are in Subject pronouns are in nominativenominative case caseObject pronouns are in Object pronouns are in accusativeaccusative case caseI saw her. She saw me. They saw him.I saw her. She saw me. They saw him.How can we ensure the correlation?How can we ensure the correlation?Nom caseNom caseNominative subjects generally appear in Nominative subjects generally appear in the specifier of a the specifier of a finitefinite T. T.Finite T is pretty much any kind of T except Finite T is pretty much any kind of T except the infinitive.the infinitive. We can treat case like we treated tense We can treat case like we treated tense inflection:inflection:Suppose T also has a [Suppose T also has a [uucase:nomcase:nom] feature.] feature.Suppose nominative NPs have a [Suppose nominative NPs have a [uucase:case:] feature.] feature.Suppose the [Suppose the [uucase:nomcase:nom] on T can value [] on T can value [uucase:case:] ] on the NP, checking on the NP, checking bothboth..So T needs a nom NP, and a nom NP needs T.So T needs a nom NP, and a nom NP needs T.Acc caseAcc caseSubjects check nominative case with T. Subjects check nominative case with T. Objects have accusative case, which we Objects have accusative case, which we can treat in the same kind of way.can treat in the same kind of way.Suppose Suppose vv has [ has [uucase:acccase:acc].].Suppose accusative NPs have [Suppose accusative NPs have [uucase:case:]]Suppose the [Suppose the [ucucase:accase:acc] on ] on vv can value the can value the [[uucase:case:] feature on the NP, checking both.] feature on the NP, checking both.Nominative case is a relation between Nominative case is a relation between (finite) T and an NP, accusative case (finite) T and an NP, accusative case is a relation between is a relation between vv and an NP. and an NP.Notes on caseNotes on caseNominative case is associated with Nominative case is associated with finite finite T. T. SheShe will charm snakes.will charm snakes.I wantI want herher to charm snakes.to charm snakes.I expectI expect herher to charm snakes.to charm snakes.Non-finite T is not associated with nominative Non-finite T is not associated with nominative case. It’s not actually associated with accusative case. It’s not actually associated with accusative case either, but we’ll come back to that later.case either, but we’ll come back to that later.Because NPs have an Because NPs have an unvalued unvalued [[uucase:case:] ] feature, we can suppose that pronouns feature, we can suppose that pronouns always enter the numeration the same way, always enter the numeration the same way, and are valued based on where they are and are valued based on where they are Merged.Merged.pronoun [N, pronoun [N, uucase:, …]case:, …]Notes on caseNotes on caseAlthough in English we only see the Although in English we only see the morphological effect of case on pronouns, we morphological effect of case on pronouns, we assume that assume that all NPs have an unvalued [all NPs have an unvalued [uucase:case:] ] featurefeature..Plenty of languages other than English show case Plenty of languages other than English show case on all NPs, not just on pronouns. Case is on all NPs, not just on pronouns. Case is something that goes with being an NP. It’s just something that goes with being an NP. It’s just something you often don’t hear in English.something you often don’t hear in English.Notational shortcuts:Notational shortcuts:[[nomnom] is used for [] is used for [uucase:nomcase:nom] (on T, or NP when ] (on T, or NP when checked)checked)[[accacc] is used for [] is used for [uucase:acccase:acc] (on ] (on vv, or NP when , or NP when checked)checked)[[casecase] is used for [] is used for [uucase:case:] (on an NP)] (on an NP)Subject-verb agreementSubject-verb agreementRecall that in English, the Recall that in English, the -features -features of the subject have an effect on the of the subject have an effect on the morphology of the verb:morphology of the verb:Fans were rioting on Comm Ave.Fans were rioting on Comm Ave.A fan was rioting on Comm Ave.A fan was rioting on Comm Ave.While we’re here, we might as well While we’re here, we might as well account for this too. It is also an account for this too. It is also an agreement relation, between the agreement relation, between the subject and, eventually, the verb (or subject and, eventually, the verb (or auxiliary, if there is one).auxiliary, if there is one).Subject-verb agreementSubject-verb agreementThe verb gets its tense inflection specified The verb gets its tense inflection specified by T when, e.g., the [tense:pres] feature of by T when, e.g., the [tense:pres] feature of T values the [T values the [uuInfl:Infl:] feature of ] feature of vv..Since the subject already agrees with T (the Since the subject already agrees with T (the [[nomnom] feature of T checks the [] feature of T checks the [casecase] feature ] feature of the subject), we’ll incorporate subject of the subject), we’ll incorporate subject agreement into this process.agreement into this process.Notice that we still want this agreement to Notice that we still want this agreement to be mediated by T (sometimes it values, e.g., be mediated by T (sometimes it values, e.g., Perf):Perf):TheyThey havehave been reading novels.been reading novels.SheShe hashas been reading novels.been reading
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