CAS LX 522 Syntax INegationNegPFrench negationSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Head Movement ConstraintClarifying the HMCColloquial French?English negationSlide 13The Italian DPSlide 15Slide 16Back to VSOIrishVSO order in IrishSlide 20Slide 21A VP-internal subject in Irish?Wrapup of head-movementIt is likely…Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33PassiveSlide 35Slide 36Slide 37ActiveSlide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Not the passiveSlide 45Slide 46Slide 47Nagging questionsCaseCase vs. q-rolesSlide 51The “Case Filter”Conditions for Case checkingBack to raising…Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Back to passives…Slide 59Active again…Slide 61Passive again…Slide 63Week 9a. A-movementWeek 9a. A-movement(and a bit more head-movement)(and a bit more head-movement)CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax INegationNegationWe’ve used negation as a test to see if the We’ve used negation as a test to see if the verb/auxiliary appears before it or after it as an verb/auxiliary appears before it or after it as an indication of whether the verb has raised or not. indication of whether the verb has raised or not. We’ve also used adverbs (like We’ve also used adverbs (like oftenoften) this way.) this way.Negation acts different from adverbs. For Negation acts different from adverbs. For example, negation keeps the tense affix from example, negation keeps the tense affix from being pronounced with a verb (in English), but being pronounced with a verb (in English), but adverbs don’t:adverbs don’t:Bill Bill diddid notnot buy cheese. buy cheese.Bill Bill nevernever buys cheese. buys cheese.Bill Bill quicklyquickly bought cheese. bought cheese.Yet, both come between I and V in the underlying Yet, both come between I and V in the underlying structure.structure.NegPNegPA common view of negation is that it has its A common view of negation is that it has its own projection, a NegP, headed by a own projection, a NegP, headed by a negative morpheme. For example, negative morpheme. For example, something like this.something like this.Interestingly, negation sometimes comes “in Interestingly, negation sometimes comes “in two parts”, with two morphemes implicated two parts”, with two morphemes implicated in negation. NegP has in principle two in negation. NegP has in principle two positions available for negative morphemes, positions available for negative morphemes, its specifier and its head.its specifier and its head.Standard French Standard French ne…pasne…pas is an example of is an example of this which we’ll look at now.this which we’ll look at now.NegNegPNegFrench negationFrench negationIn standard French, the negation of a sentence In standard French, the negation of a sentence generally involves a morpheme generally involves a morpheme nene placed before placed before the tensed verb and a morpheme the tensed verb and a morpheme paspas placed after placed after it, as in:it, as in:Jean Jean nene mange mange paspas des pommes. des pommes.Jean Jean NENE eats eats NOTNOT of.the apples of.the apples‘Jean doesn’t eat apples.’‘Jean doesn’t eat apples.’However, English gives us reason to believe However, English gives us reason to believe (assuming NegP is in the same place in the tree in (assuming NegP is in the same place in the tree in both languages) that NegP comes between IP and both languages) that NegP comes between IP and VP:VP:Bill will Bill will notnot eat apples. eat apples.French negationFrench negationA common view of how French A common view of how French negation looks at DS is like this, negation looks at DS is like this, with with nene being a morpheme of being a morpheme of category Neg, heading a NegP category Neg, heading a NegP with with paspas in its specifier.in its specifier.For the moment, we won’t concern For the moment, we won’t concern ourselves with the categorial ourselves with the categorial status of status of paspas; clearly it must be an ; clearly it must be an XP of some kind itself, maybe also XP of some kind itself, maybe also of category Neg, but it never heads of category Neg, but it never heads the main NegP in a sentence. I’ll the main NegP in a sentence. I’ll write it just as write it just as paspas in the specifier. in the specifier.VVPPPIIIPDP[PRES]NegNegNegPpasneFrench negationFrench negationNote that we take Note that we take nene to be a to be a prefixprefix (not a (not a suffixsuffix), which ), which means when we create the means when we create the complex head, the verb complex head, the verb adjoins on the right.adjoins on the right.Now, the verb still needs to Now, the verb still needs to move to I, but it is attached move to I, but it is attached to the Neg now… so the Neg to the Neg now… so the Neg moves to I.moves to I.Complex heads move Complex heads move as a as a unitunit. You can’t “dis-attach” a . You can’t “dis-attach” a head from a complex head.head from a complex head.tiVPPPIIIPDP[PRES]NegNegPpasneNegNegViFrench negationFrench negationThis final movement ends This final movement ends up with the verb close up with the verb close enough to the tense suffix to enough to the tense suffix to satisfy the requirement that satisfy the requirement that tense have a verbal host, tense have a verbal host, while at the same time while at the same time “taking “taking nene along” to get us along” to get us the right word order.the right word order.Jean ne mange pas…Jean ne mange pas…tiVPPPIIIPDP[PRES]NegNegPpasneNegNegjViItjFrench negationFrench negationSo, we see that assuming that So, we see that assuming that nene is the head of is the head of NegP in French (with NegP in French (with paspas in the specifier), and in the specifier), and assuming that the verb “stops off” to attach to assuming that the verb “stops off” to attach to Neg before moving (now as a part of the Neg before moving (now as a part of the complex Neg head) up to I, we get the right complex Neg head) up to I, we get the right word order.word order.Note that, since Note that, since **Jean mange pas ne des pommesJean mange pas ne des pommes is is ungrammatical, we also know that the verb ungrammatical, we also know that the verb hashas to stop off at Neg on the way up.to stop off at Neg on the way up.Head Movement ConstraintHead Movement ConstraintThis is an example
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