1Episode 12a.Wh-movement and locality(chapters 9, 10)CAS LX 522Syntax ISummary so far! In wh-questions such as What did they bake?! What is like a pronoun, standing in for the theme.! Wh-words are differentiated by having a [wh] feature.! The structure of a wh-question is like a V2 clause:! T moves to C—except in subject wh-questions:! The [uclause-type:] feature of T is strong when valued as Q.! The [uclause-type:] feature of T can be valued by [wh] from above.! The closest (to C; topmost) wh-word moves to SpecCP:! The interrogative C has a strong uninterpretable [uwh*] feature.! “Superiority”: Shorter moves are better, take the closest wh-word.The wh-typology! English: One wh-word moves to the front.! What did Bill give to whom?! Japanese: No wh-words move to the front.! Taroo-ga dare-ni nani-o ageta no?T-nom who-to what-acc gave Q‘What did Taroo give to whom?’! Bulgarian: All wh-words move to the front.! Kakvo na kogo Ivan dade?what to whom Ivan gave‘What did Ivan give to whom?’! French: One wh-word or no wh-words move to thefront.! Qui as-tu vu? Tu as vu qui?Who have-you seen You have seen who‘Who did you see?’ ‘Who did you see?’Wh-in-situ languages! How might we account for the difference betweenEnglish and Japanese (Korean, Turkish, Chinese, …) withrespect to moving wh-words?! Why does one wh-word move in English?! We account for the difference betweenFrench (v moves to T) and English (v does not move to T) in termsof whether the [uInfl:] feature on v is strong (French) or weak(English) when valued by T.Kakvo na kogo Ivan dade?! How about languages like Bulgarian, where all ofthe wh-words move?! [CP kakvo na kogo[TP Ivan dade <kakvo> <na kogo>]! This one is somewhat trickier… but interesting.! Why do wh-words have to move (in general)?! Why is it sufficient to move just one (in English)?! What might we propose in order to ensure that any wh-word hasto move?Multiple wh-movement! To account for this stretches our systemin several ways, but ultimately we wantto be able to say that Bulgarian andEnglish differ minimally, so we’ll needto account for Bulgarian too.! Suppose that wh-words in Bulgarianhave the strong feature: [uQ*].2Kakvo na kogo Ivan dade?! For this to work, we needto suppose that it ispossible for a strongfeature like [uQ*] on awh-word to “wait” if thereis no way to be checkedyet.! That is, we can proceed on tovP (by HoP), despite the factthat there are strong featuresleft inside VP (but not on VP).V!VdadePPna kogo [uQ*]VPDPkakvo[uQ*]Kakvo na kogo Ivan dade?! Otherwise, thingsproceed just as inEnglish…V!<V>PPna kogo [uQ*]VPDPkakvo[uQ*]v!v+VdadevPDPIvanKakvo na kogo Ivan dade?! Otherwise, thingsproceed just as inEnglish…V!<V>PPna kogo [uQ*]VPDPkakvo[uQ*]v!v+VdadevP<DP>T!T[past]TPDPIvanKakvo na kogo Ivan dade?! When we get toC, the wh-wordsfinally have a wayto be checked.! We’ve got twochoices.! Na kogo has beenwaiting longer.! Moving kakvowould result in ashorter move.V!<V>PPna kogo [uQ*]VPDPkakvo[uQ*]v!v+VdadevP<DP>T!T[past]TPDPIvanC!C[Q]Kakvo nakogo Ivandade?! Given what wesee in Bulgarian,it seems that“seniority” ismore importantthan “makingthe shortestmove.”! Recall that theSuperiority effectin English comesfrom a need to“make theshortest move,”but in English,there’s noconsideration of“seniority.”V!<V><PP>VPDPkakvo[uQ*]v!v+VdadevP<DP>T!T[past]TPDPIvanC!C[Q]C!PPna kogo[uQ*]Kakvo nakogo Ivandade?! Et voilà.! Interesting:Point to thespecifier ofCP.V!<V><PP>VP<DP>v!v+VdadevP<DP>T!T[past]TPDPIvanC!C[Q]C!PPna kogo[uQ*]CPDPkakvo[uQ*]3Cross-linguistic variation! By now, we’ve accumulated a (relatively small, all thingsconsidered) set of parameters on which languages canvary, in terms of whether uninterpretable features arestrong or weak.! Tense on Aux:! Strong (aux moves to T): English, French, German, Irish! Weak (aux doesn’t move to T): Swedish! Tense on v:! Strong (v moves to T): French, German, Irish! Weak (v doesn’t move to T): English, Swedish! EPP on T:! Strong (subject moves to SpecTP): E, F, S, G! Weak: IrishCross-linguistic variation! To this we can add the parameters of wh-movement…! [wh] on [Q]-type C:! Strong (A wh-word moves to SpecCP): English, German, …! Weak (No wh-word need move to SpecCP): Japanese, …! Optional (either is possible): French! [Q] on wh-words:! Strong (All wh-words move to SpecCP): Bulgarian, …! Weak (Wh-words need not move to SpecCP): English, …D-linking! Just a note:Sometimes Superiority appears to be violated.! I have a list of the authors here, and a list of thebooks. But I don’t know…which book which author wrote.! When this happens, the interpretation is somewhatspecial. The wh-word that is “skipped” (andgenerally both of them) is picking out one of asmall, known list. D(iscourse)-linking.Reminder: Embedded clauses! Some verbs take DP objects:! Hurley grabbed [DP the notepad].! Hurley wrote [DP a note].! Some verbs take entire clauses (CPs, TPs):! Hurley said [CP that he was taking a census].! Hurley seemed [TP <H.> to enjoy the task].! Hurley asked [CP where Ethan lived].! It is perfectly possible to ask a question requestinginformation about something in an embeddedclause. A “long-distance question”.! What did Hurley say [CP that he was taking <what>]?Long-distance wh-movement! What did H say [CP he was writing <what>]?! What happens here? Nothing new…! This is a question: The highest C has a [Q] (=[clause-type:Q]) feature and a [uwh*] feature.! [CP C [TP H T say [CP he was writing what] ] ] [Q,uwh*] [uct:] [wh]Long-distance wh-movement! What did H say [CP he was writing <what>]?! What happens here? Nothing new…! This is a question: The highest C has a [Q] (=[clause-type:Q]) feature and a [uwh*] feature.! When C values the [uclause-type:] feature of T, itbecomes [uclause-type:Q*]. To check this feature, Tmoves to C.! [CP C [TP H T say [CP he was writing what] ] ] [Q,uwh*] [uct:Q*] [wh]4Long-distance wh-movement! What did H say [CP he was writing <what>]?! What happens here? Nothing new…! This is a question: The highest C has a [Q] (=[clause-type:Q]) featureand a [uwh*] feature.! When C values the [uclause-type:] feature of T, it becomes [uclause-type:Q*]. To check this feature, T moves to C.! When T is adjoined to C, its sister is not headed by v, so we “insert do”to pronounce the tense.! [CP T+C [TP H <T> say [CP he was writing what] ] ][uct:Q*]+[Q,uwh*] [wh] didLong-distance
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