CAS LX 522 Syntax IDeterminers vs. adjectivesDeterminersAdjective iterationD vs. NThe students is a DPThe students arrivedA radical proposal?Students arrived[DP Ø students ] arrivedThere is still an NPThose were DPsOne-replacementSlide 14Slide 15PP adjunctsSlide 17Differentiating poetry from pencilsOf poetry PPs aren’t obligatoryUTAHSoPronounsSlide 23PossessorsSlide 25Possessors?Possessors and the null DThe king’s every whimChecking genitive caseSlide 30A couple of null DsRecursionSlide 33Proper namesNumber agreement on DNumber agreementEncounter 8a. The DPEncounter 8a. The DP7.1-7.27.1-7.2CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax IDeterminers vs. Determiners vs. adjectivesadjectivesThere are a number There are a number of things that can of things that can come before nouns come before nouns in a noun phrase:in a noun phrase:fluffy bunnyfluffy bunnythat bunnythat bunnythe bunnythe bunnya bunnya bunnyevery bunnyevery bunnybig fluffy bunnybig fluffy bunnythat fluffy bunnythat fluffy bunnythe fluffy bunnythe fluffy bunnya fluffy bunnya fluffy bunnyevery fluffy bunny.every fluffy bunny.*fluffy the bunny*fluffy the bunny*that the bunny*that the bunny*a the bunny*a the bunny*every the bunny*every the bunny*fluffy every bunny*fluffy every bunny*a every bunny*a every bunny*the every bunny*the every bunny*that every bunny*that every bunnyThere seem to be two There seem to be two classes, things like classes, things like fluffyfluffy that can that can iterate, and things iterate, and things like like thethe that must be that must be first and must be first and must be unique.unique.DeterminersDeterminersThe class that includes The class that includes thethe, , everyevery, , thatthat, and so forth are called the , and so forth are called the determinersdeterminers. They come in several . They come in several subtypes, but they form a category, subtypes, but they form a category, which we designate with the which we designate with the category category feature [D]feature [D]..Cf. the [V] feature of verbs, the [T] Cf. the [V] feature of verbs, the [T] feature of T.feature of T.There can be only one D in a noun There can be only one D in a noun phrase, and it must come first.phrase, and it must come first.Adjectives come after D and before N, Adjectives come after D and before N, and can iterate.and can iterate.Adjective iterationAdjective iterationWe’ve seen the iteration property elsewhere We’ve seen the iteration property elsewhere (PP adjuncts, for example):(PP adjuncts, for example):Pat ate lunch on the hill by the tree in the rain.Pat ate lunch on the hill by the tree in the rain.Or adverbs (Or adverbs (vvP adjuncts):P adjuncts):Pat deliberately completely ate the sandwich.Pat deliberately completely ate the sandwich.So, it makes sense to suppose that adjectives So, it makes sense to suppose that adjectives are also adjuncts. But to what?are also adjuncts. But to what?The big fluffy bunny.The big fluffy bunny.Notice that if Notice that if bigbig and and fluffyfluffy are adjoined to are adjoined to NP, it suggests that NP, it suggests that thethe must also be, if the must also be, if the whole thing is an NP. whole thing is an NP. But then why can there But then why can there be only one, and why does it have to be be only one, and why does it have to be first?first?D vs. ND vs. NAlso, notice that D doesn’t stand alone.Also, notice that D doesn’t stand alone.TheThe feels incomplete. It needs a noun.feels incomplete. It needs a noun.StudentStudent does not feel similarly incomplete.does not feel similarly incomplete.Like (the prepositions) Like (the prepositions) toto, , besidebeside,, or or withwith feel incomplete, they also need feel incomplete, they also need something.something.Or (the verbs) Or (the verbs) sinksink, , kickkick, , dancedance..All of these are sort of “completed” by All of these are sort of “completed” by nouns. For P and V, we understand how: nouns. For P and V, we understand how: They select for a noun as their They select for a noun as their complement.complement.So, maybe D is something like a P, So, maybe D is something like a P, selecting for a noun phrase complement…selecting for a noun phrase complement…The students The students is a DPis a DPThis would mean that This would mean that the studentsthe students is not an NP, is not an NP, but rather a but rather a DPDP..It’s head-initial, like English is everywhere else.It’s head-initial, like English is everywhere else.D selects for N ([D selects for N ([uuN*N*]), accounting for]), accounting forthe inability to “stand alone”the inability to “stand alone”the inability to have more than one (it selects for N, not D)the inability to have more than one (it selects for N, not D)the fact that it must come before adjectives (adjoined to NP)the fact that it must come before adjectives (adjoined to NP)Because it is D that forces the Merge, it is D that Because it is D that forces the Merge, it is D that projects.projects.The NP can be modified by (iterating) adjectives:The NP can be modified by (iterating) adjectives:big fluffy pink bunnybig fluffy pink bunny..studentsDDPtheNPThe students arrivedThe students arrivedAh, but there’s a problem.Ah, but there’s a problem.Why isWhy is The students arrivedThe students arrived grammatical?grammatical?ArriveArrive is unaccusative, which we’ve is unaccusative, which we’ve formalized as a V with a single [formalized as a V with a single [uuN*N*] ] feature and associated with a special feature and associated with a special “inert” “inert” vv..T also has a strong [T also has a strong [uuN*N*] feature (the EPP ] feature (the EPP feature), bringing the subject to SpecTP.feature), bringing the subject to SpecTP.How can either of those be satisfied?How can either of those be satisfied?If we suppose If we suppose arrivearrive has a [ has a [uuD*D*] feature ] feature instead, why isn’t it instead, why isn’t it **Students arrived theStudents arrived the??Are there two different versions of Are there two different versions of arrivearrive, , one for one for the students arrivedthe students arrived, and one for , and one for students arrivedstudents arrived??A radical proposal?A radical proposal?We can bring a degree of order to this chaos We can bring a degree of
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