CAS LX 522 Syntax I PRACTICE MIDTERMWhen drawing complex heads, draw them out (do not use the “+” notation).1. Fill in the missing labels for the nodes in the tree below. Where a node is the maximalprojection of a lexical item, indicate it with the standard “X-bar” notation (e.g., NP for themaximal projection of a noun, v′ for an intermediate projection of v). The sentence is Puddles ofwater will freeze in winter. I have indicated the category feature of each lexical item.___qp___ p3 ___puddles ___ qp[N] 3 will ___of water [T] qp[P] [N] ___ ___qu 3v ___ in winter3 3 [P] [N]freeze v <V> <NP>[V]2. In the sentence for which the structure is given above:a. Is in winter a constituent?b. Is of water a constituent?c. Is will freeze a constituent?d. Is water the complement of of?e. Is puddles the specifier of of?f. Are in and winter sisters?3. Circle one: The verb shown in the structure above is ditransitive / transitive / unergative / unaccusative4. Circle every node in the tree above that puddles c-commands.5. Name the θ-role that puddles of water has.6. Suppose we start building a structure for a sentence, and at a certain stage we wind up with avP as shown (abstractly) below.vP3v VP3NP V′3V PPa. Name the θ-role that the PP will have.b. Name the θ-role that the NP will have.c. Name the principle (the abbreviation is fine) that tells us the answers to a–b.d. Which of the following three sentences might plausibly include this kind of vP?1. I tripped on Commonwealth Ave.2. I sprinted to class.3. Water spilled on me.7. Why is the following sentence ungrammatical? (Assume John is a man and Mary is a woman,and that the sentence is used in a context in which it would make sense—for example, John issupposed to introduce everyone to Mary, and he is being unnecessarily thorough). Specifically:Name the grammatical principle that rules the sentence out and explain why the principle isnot satisfied.*John introduced herself to Mary.8. In the following (partial) structure, cross out all of the uninterpretable features that will havebeen checked by this point.v′qpv VP[v, uV*, uN*, uInfl:] rpNP V′[N] rpV PP[V, uN*, uP*] 3P NP[P, uN*] [N]9. Working just with the structure above (using no other syntactic objects), what would the nextstep in the derivation be? Draw the resulting structure, and indicate what uninterpretable featureis checked as a result of the step between the above structure and the one you drew.10. Merge only happens because it must. In the structure in #8 above… a. What was the motivation to Merge v with VP?b. What was the motivation to Merge NP with V′?11. Suppose that, in addition to the structure in #8, we also have the following two syntacticobjects in the numeration (workspace).T[T, tense:past, uN*]Pat[N]a. Which of these objects is the next to be Merged with the structure you drew for #9?b. What motivates that step?c. Briefly explain how, once the derivation is finished and the structure is complete, the[uInfl:] feature of v was
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