CAS LX 522 Syntax IThe structure of sentencesSlide 3Slide 4Arbitrarily complicated[name’s noun]Groups of groups of groupsConstituentsFinding constituentsReplacement testSlide 11Sentence fragment testEllipsis testMovement (topicalization) testClefting testSlide 16And all through the house…Trees, hierarchy, and constituencySlide 19Slide 20The triangleTreesSlide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Tree relationsSlide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34SubstitutionThe making of a phraseSlide 37Slide 38MergeMerge, in the abstractSlide 41Slide 42Slide 43Trees and constituencySlide 45Slide 46So how do we know which is the head?Week 2b. ConstituentsWeek 2b. Constituents3.1-3.43.1-3.4CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax IThe structure of The structure of sentencessentencesYou will give it to her.You will give it to her.You will give the book to your roommate.You will give the book to your roommate.You will give the book about syntax to your You will give the book about syntax to your roommate’s sister.roommate’s sister.In each, we have:In each, we have:Someone doing the giving.Someone doing the giving.YouYouSomething changing hands.Something changing hands.It, the book, the book about syntax.It, the book, the book about syntax.Someone receiving the thing.Someone receiving the thing.Her, your roommate, your roommate’s sisterHer, your roommate, your roommate’s sisterThe bookThe book (together) represents the thing (together) represents the thing changing hands in a way that neither changing hands in a way that neither thethe nor nor bookbook does alone. does alone.The structure of The structure of sentencessentencesYou will give it to her.You will give it to her.You will give the book to your You will give the book to your roommate.roommate.You will give the book about syntax to You will give the book about syntax to your roommate’s sister.your roommate’s sister.It’s like there’s a “spot” for each It’s like there’s a “spot” for each of these players:of these players:__ will give __ to ____ will give __ to __And it doesn’t matter whether the And it doesn’t matter whether the “player” is described with one word, “player” is described with one word, two words, or several words.two words, or several words.The structure of The structure of sentencessentencesYou will give it to her.You will give it to her.You will give the book to your roommate.You will give the book to your roommate.You will give the book about syntax to your You will give the book about syntax to your roommate’s sister.roommate’s sister.Each “unit” of this sort is what we’ll call Each “unit” of this sort is what we’ll call a a constituentconstituent. We enclose them in brackets . We enclose them in brackets to indicate that the words form a unit:to indicate that the words form a unit:[You] will give [the book] to [your roommate][You] will give [the book] to [your roommate]A significant property of language is that A significant property of language is that these units can be arbitrarily complicated:these units can be arbitrarily complicated:[You] will give [it] to [Ed’s roommate’s [You] will give [it] to [Ed’s roommate’s sister’s friend]sister’s friend]Arbitrarily complicatedArbitrarily complicated[Ed’s roommate’s sister’s friend][Ed’s roommate’s sister’s friend]Looking at just this unit, we can see Looking at just this unit, we can see that it actually has sub-units within it:that it actually has sub-units within it:[[Marge]’s friend][[Marge]’s friend][[Ed’s roommate’s sister]’s friend][[Ed’s roommate’s sister]’s friend]And within that:And within that:[[[Marge]’s sister]’s friend][[[Marge]’s sister]’s friend][[[Ed’s roommate]’s sister]’s friend][[[Ed’s roommate]’s sister]’s friend][[[[Ed]’s roommate]’s sister]’s friend][[[[Ed]’s roommate]’s sister]’s friend]In general, it looks like wherever a In general, it looks like wherever a namename can go, so can [can go, so can [namename’s ’s nounnoun]. ].[[namename’s ’s nounnoun]]Wherever a Wherever a namename can go, can go,so can [so can [namename’s ’s nounnoun].].So, suppose we have So, suppose we have HomerHomer..I gave the book to Homer.I gave the book to Homer.Replace Replace HomerHomer with with Bart’s fatherBart’s father..I gave the book to Bart’s father.I gave the book to Bart’s father.But notice that there’s a name in our replacement But notice that there’s a name in our replacement too. So, it’s also eligible for replacement:too. So, it’s also eligible for replacement:I gave the book to Lisa’s brother’s father.I gave the book to Lisa’s brother’s father.This replacement rule is This replacement rule is recursiverecursive. The thing we . The thing we are replacing is also contained in the thing we are replacing is also contained in the thing we replaced it with.replaced it with.Groups of groups of Groups of groups of groupsgroupsSentences are made of Sentences are made of groupedgrouped words. words. These groups can be contained in These groups can be contained in other groups, arbitrarily deep. A other groups, arbitrarily deep. A group of this kind: a group of this kind: a constituentconstituent..Constituents can contain constituents Constituents can contain constituents that can contain constituents, etc.—that can contain constituents, etc.—The structure of a sentence is The structure of a sentence is hierarchicalhierarchical..Constituents behave as a unit…Constituents behave as a unit…ConstituentsConstituentsFunctioning as a unit…Functioning as a unit…The students did The students did their syntax their syntax assignmentassignment..The students did The students did the crossword puzzlethe crossword puzzle..JohnJohn did the crossword puzzle. did the crossword puzzle.The crossword puzzleThe crossword puzzle is what John did. is what John did.**Crossword puzzleCrossword puzzle is what John did is what John did thethe..John John likeslikes the crossword puzzle. the crossword puzzle.John likes the John likes the jigsawjigsaw puzzle. puzzle.John likes the John likes the theatertheater..Finding constituentsFinding constituentsHow do we find constituents in a How do we find constituents in a sentence? For many of them, we
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