CAS LX 522 Syntax IIslands and phases, summary from last time…“Island effects” are a property of movement.“Island effects” are a property of movementWhy phases?Relative clausesSlide 7Slide 8Differences between questions and relative clausesWhich/that/ØOpSlide 12Doubly-Filled COMP filterSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16A word about interpretationPronouncing & interpretingOur model of grammarSlide 20Wh-movement and interpretationThe wh-typologySlide 23¿Qué?Phases againSlide 26Benefits and problemsLF movementWh-phrases binding pronounsWeak CrossoverWCOSlide 32QuantifiersSlide 35Slide 36QPRestrictionsSlide 39BindingScopeSlide 42Slide 43Slide 44LFQRSlide 47Slide 48Quantifiers and bindingSlide 50Slide 51Slide 52ACDVP ellipsisSlide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59QR and ACDWhere do quantifiers go?Adjunction to TPSlide 63Slide 64Slide 65Episode 12b.Episode 12b.Phases, relative clauses, Phases, relative clauses, and LF (ch. 10)and LF (ch. 10)CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax IIslands and phases,Islands and phases,summary from last time…summary from last time…Sentences are “chunked” into Sentences are “chunked” into phasesphases as they as they are built up. Phases are are built up. Phases are CPCP and and DPDP..A feature outside of a phase cannot match a A feature outside of a phase cannot match a feature further inside the phase than its feature further inside the phase than its specifier.specifier.This leads to This leads to island phenomenaisland phenomena, configurations , configurations in which a in which a whwh-word would be “trapped”:-word would be “trapped”:CNP islands:CNP islands: A A whwh-word cannot get to the specifier -word cannot get to the specifier of DP and so is not visible from outside.of DP and so is not visible from outside.WhWh-islands:-islands: A A whwh-word cannot get to the specifier -word cannot get to the specifier of an embedded question (that already has a of an embedded question (that already has a whwh--word, or word, or OpOp, in its specifier)., in its specifier).Adjunct islands:Adjunct islands: Even the specifier is not visible Even the specifier is not visible if the phase did not get a if the phase did not get a -role.-role.““Island effects” are a Island effects” are a property of property of movementmovement..Consider the following:Consider the following:Jack believes Jack believes [[DPDP the claim [the claim [CPCP that the list does not include that the list does not include Ethan ]Ethan ]]]??*Who does Jack believe *Who does Jack believe [[DPDP the claim [the claim [CPCP that the list does not that the list does not include _ ]include _ ]]]??Who believesWho believes [[DPDP the claim [the claim [CPCP that the list does not include that the list does not include who ]who ]]]??Dr. Hibbert laughed Dr. Hibbert laughed [[CPCP when when Homer lost a fingerHomer lost a finger ]]..*What did Dr. Hibbert laugh *What did Dr. Hibbert laugh [[CPCP when when Homer lost _Homer lost _ ]]??Who laughedWho laughed [[CPCP when when Homer lost whatHomer lost what ]]??So long as the So long as the whwh-phrase doesn’t -phrase doesn’t movemove,, it it seems that there’s no problem with simply seems that there’s no problem with simply having a having a whwh-phrase inside an island.-phrase inside an island.““Island effects” are a Island effects” are a property of property of movementmovementJapanese: a Japanese: a whwh-in-situ language.-in-situ language.Taroo-ga Taroo-ga [[DPDP Hanako-ni Hanako-ni nani-onani-o ageta hito-ni ageta hito-ni ]] aimasita ka? aimasita ka?T-nom H-dat T-nom H-dat what-accwhat-acc gave man-dat met.pol Q gave man-dat met.pol Q‘*What did Taro meet [ the man that gave _ to Hanako ]?’‘*What did Taro meet [ the man that gave _ to Hanako ]?’Taroo-ga Taroo-ga [[CPCP Hanako-ga Hanako-ga nani-onani-o yomu maeni yomu maeni ]] dekakemasita ka? dekakemasita ka?T-nom H-nom T-nom H-nom what-accwhat-acc read before left.pol read before left.pol Q Q‘*What did Taro leave [ before Hanako read _ ]?’‘*What did Taro leave [ before Hanako read _ ]?’WhWh-words don’t move. Islands don’t matter.-words don’t move. Islands don’t matter.Why phases?Why phases?One of the main motivations behind phases One of the main motivations behind phases (conceptually—empirically, there is plenty of (conceptually—empirically, there is plenty of evidence) is that is makes computation easier.evidence) is that is makes computation easier.That is, again, the system is lazy. It works in That is, again, the system is lazy. It works in chunks, it never has to look too far to find a chunks, it never has to look too far to find a feature for checking.feature for checking.What happens when a phase is “committed”?What happens when a phase is “committed”?The standard idea is that the The standard idea is that the phonological phonological interpretationinterpretation and and semantic interpretationsemantic interpretation of that of that chunk becomes fixed, and can’t be altered later. chunk becomes fixed, and can’t be altered later. Terminology: Terminology: “Spell-out”“Spell-out”Terminology:Terminology: The requirement that movement not The requirement that movement not go “too far” (not escape a committed phase) was go “too far” (not escape a committed phase) was known in the old days as known in the old days as SubjacencySubjacency—you may —you may still encounter this term when talking to still encounter this term when talking to linguists at parties (or reading older papers).linguists at parties (or reading older papers).Relative clausesRelative clausesAnother place where we see Another place where we see whwh--movement, besides in explicit movement, besides in explicit questions (either in the main clause questions (either in the main clause or embedded) is in or embedded) is in relative clausesrelative clauses..The book which I readThe book which I readThe woman who(m) I metThe woman who(m) I metThese consist of a These consist of a head nounhead noun ((bookbook, , womanwoman) and then what appears to be a ) and then what appears to be a whwh-question that further specifies -question that further specifies the referent of the head noun.the referent of the head noun.Relative clausesRelative clausesRelative clauses serve to
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