CAS LX 522 Syntax IWh-questions[wh]Slide 4How are wh-questions formed?What will they bake?Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Interrogative Q vs. Declarative QOpWill they bake pie?Summary so farSubject wh-questionsWho signed the press release?Two ways to goOption twoSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Multiple wh-questionsWh-in-situ*What did who give to Casey?Slide 24D-linkingThe wh-typologyWh-in-situ languagesKakvo na kogo Ivan dade?Multiple wh-movementSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Cross-linguistic variationSlide 37Long-distance relationshipsAt long last,11a. At long last,11a. WhWh--movementmovement(9.1-9.3)(9.1-9.3)CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax IWhWh-questions-questionsWhWh-questions are “information-seeking” -questions are “information-seeking” questions, involving a questions, involving a whwh-word.-word.WhoWho, , whatwhat, , whenwhen, , wherewhere, , whywhy, , HoWHoW, , whichwhichWhat will they bake?What will they bake?Observe that Observe that whatwhat is basically the is basically the object of object of bakebake. And look how far away . And look how far away it is from it is from bakebake, the thing that assigns , the thing that assigns it a it a -role.-role.Cf also. “echo questions”:Cf also. “echo questions”: I drank WHAT?I drank WHAT?Also, notice that T has moved to C here Also, notice that T has moved to C here too (like it does in yes-no questions).too (like it does in yes-no questions).[wh][wh]WhWh-words are a little bit like pronouns, -words are a little bit like pronouns, standing in for whatever category of standing in for whatever category of thing we’d like information about.thing we’d like information about.These interrogative expressions are These interrogative expressions are different from non-interrogative different from non-interrogative pronouns and demonstratives.pronouns and demonstratives.*That will they bake.*That will they bake.WhatWhat, , wherewhere, , whenwhen are differentiated are differentiated from from thatthat, , therethere, , thenthen in being in being interrogative. This is a feature of the interrogative. This is a feature of the whwh-word: -word: [wh][wh]..[wh][wh]A A whwh-word has the same category as its -word has the same category as its non-non-whwh-counterpart—therefore, -counterpart—therefore, whwh-words -words come in several different categories.come in several different categories.WhatWhat[wh, D][wh, D]WhoWho[wh, D, human][wh, D, human]WhenWhen[wh, Adv, temporal][wh, Adv, temporal]WhereWhere[wh, Adv, locational][wh, Adv, locational]HowHow[wh, Adv, manner][wh, Adv, manner]WhyWhy[wh, Adv, reason][wh, Adv, reason]WhichWhich[wh, D, [wh, D, uuN*]N*]How are How are whwh-questions -questions formed?formed?What we have in English What we have in English whwh-questions is -questions is like a limited form of V2.like a limited form of V2.The analysis of The analysis of whwh-questions is the same:-questions is the same:The T head moves to CThe T head moves to CThe The whwh-expression moves to SpecCP-expression moves to SpecCPLet’s suppose that the reason/mechanism Let’s suppose that the reason/mechanism moving T to C is the same as in yes-no moving T to C is the same as in yes-no questions:questions: We have an interrogative C, We have an interrogative C, with [clause-type:Q]. When the [with [clause-type:Q]. When the [uuclause-clause-type:type:] feature of T is valued by [Q], it ] feature of T is valued by [Q], it is strong.is strong.What will they bake?What will they bake?To start out, we have a To start out, we have a vvP and TP as P and TP as usual. The only unusual thing so far is usual. The only unusual thing so far is that we have a that we have a whwh-object -object whatwhat..VPvTvvVbakeTPDPtheyT[uclause-type:]<V> DPwhat[wh]<DP>vPMP<M>TMwillWhat will they bake?What will they bake?The complementizer The complementizer C has the C has the information about information about clause-type, and clause-type, and this is a this is a question. As question. As before with yes-no before with yes-no questions, we questions, we assume that this C assume that this C has the feature has the feature [clause-type:Q] [clause-type:Q] (or “[Q]” for (or “[Q]” for short).short).As with yes-no As with yes-no questions, the questions, the [[uuclause-type:clause-type:] ] feature of T is feature of T is strong when valued strong when valued by Q.by Q.CC[Q]VPvTvvVbakeTPDPtheyT[uclause-type:]<V> DPwhat[wh]<DP>vPMP<M>TMwillWhat will they bake?What will they bake?As for how As for how whatwhat winds up at the winds up at the beginning of the beginning of the sentence, we will sentence, we will treat this treat this essentially like we essentially like we treated German V2.treated German V2.In a In a whwh-question, C -question, C has a [has a [uuwh*wh*] ] feature.feature.This forces This forces whatwhat to to move into SpecCP to move into SpecCP to check the feature.check the feature.CC[Q, uwh*]VPvTvvVbakeTPDPtheyT[uclause-type:]<V> DPwhat[wh]<DP>vPMP<M>TMwillWhat will they bake?What will they bake?What What moves to moves to SpecCP and checks SpecCP and checks the [the [uuwh*] wh*] feature of C.feature of C.T moves to check T moves to check the (now strong) the (now strong) [[uuclause-type:Q*clause-type:Q*] ] feature.feature.(Not pictured (Not pictured here)here)CC[Q, uwh*]CPDPwhat[wh]VPvTvvVbakeTPDPtheyT[uclause-type:]<V> <DP><DP>vPMP<M>TMwillInterrogative QInterrogative Q vs. Declarative Q vs. Declarative QLooking at Looking at whwh-questions as compared to -questions as compared to yes-no questions, it looks as if there yes-no questions, it looks as if there are two kinds of interrogative C:are two kinds of interrogative C:““yes-no” C:yes-no” C:[C, clause-type:Q][C, clause-type:Q]whwh-question C:-question C:[C, clause-type:Q, [C, clause-type:Q, uuwh*]wh*]This is in fact often supposed in the This is in fact often supposed in the syntax literature— and many languages syntax literature— and many languages seem to have a special particle reserved seem to have a special particle reserved for yes-no questions (e.g., English for yes-no questions (e.g., English ifif, , Mandarin Mandarin mama))Adger notes a problem, however:Adger notes a problem, however:Nothing in our system so far prevents us from Nothing in our system so far prevents us from using a yes-no C with
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